DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Review of existing techniques and fibre reinforced polymers used for strengthening tubular joints

  • Prashob, P.S (Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut) ;
  • Shashikala, A.P. (Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut) ;
  • Somasundaran, T.P. (Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut)
  • Received : 2017.08.18
  • Accepted : 2017.09.09
  • Published : 2017.09.25

Abstract

Fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) are widely used to strengthen steel structures and retrofitting of existing structures due to its excellent properties. This paper reviews the use of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) in strengthening steel and concrete structures. The paper discusses the use of FRP in strengthening of steel bridges, uses of FRP in repairing of corroded structures and the behaviour of different adhesives. The paper then deals with the FRP strengthened hollow sections and the different failure experienced. The paper then reviewed the current state of art used in strengthening tubular structures and focusing on FRP in strengthening of joints.

Keywords

References

  1. Afefy, H.M., Sennah, K. and Akhlagh-Nejat, H. (2016), "Experimental and analytical investigations on the flexural behavior of CFRP-strengthened composite girders", J. Constr. Steel Res., 120, 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.01.010
  2. Aguilera, J. (2012), Strengthening T-joints of rectangular hollow steel sections against web buckling under brace axial compression using through-wall bolts, Master of Applied Science, Queens University Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
  3. Aguilera, J. and Fam, A. (2013), "Bonded FRP plates for strengthening rectangular hollow steel section Tjoints against web buckling induced by transverse compression", J. Compos. Constr., 17(4), 421-432. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000311
  4. Aguilera, J. and Fam, A. (2013), "Retrofitting tubular steel T-joints subjected to axial compression in chord and brace members using bonded FRP plates or through-wall steel bolts", Eng. Struct., 48, 602-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.09.018
  5. Ahmadi, H. and Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A. (2011), "Experimental and numerical investiga-tion of geometric SCFs in internally ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints of offshore structures", J. Persian Gulf Marine Sci., 43, 7-8.
  6. Ahmadi, H., Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A. and Shao, Y. (2013), "Chord-side SCF distribution of central brace in internally ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints: A geometrically parametric study", Thin Wall. Struct., 70, 93-105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2013.04.011
  7. Ahmadi, H., Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A., Shao, Y. and Aminfar, M.H. (2012), "Parametric study and formulation of outer-brace geometric stress concentration factors in internally ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints of offshore structures", Appl. Ocean Res., 38, 74-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2012.07.004
  8. Al-saidy, A.H., W.Klaiber, F. and Wipf, T.J. (2004), "Repair of steel composite beams with carbon fiber reinforced polymer plates", J. Compos. Constr., 9, 341-351.
  9. Al-saidy, A.H., W.Klaiber, F. and Wipf, T.J. (2007), "Strengthening of steel-concrete composite girders using carbon fiber reinforced polymer plates", Constr. Build. Mater., 21(2), 295-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.08.018
  10. Bakis, B.E., Bank, L.C., Brown, V.L., Cosenza, E., Davalos, J.F., Lesko, J.J., Machida, A., Rizkalla, S.H. and Triantafillou, T.C. (2012), "Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction-state-of-the-art review", Constr. Build. Mater., 6(2), 73-87.
  11. Bocciarelli, M. (2009), "Response of statically determined steel beams reinforced by CFRP plates in the elastic-plastic regime", Eng. Struct., 31(4), 956-967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.12.005
  12. Bocciarelli, M., Colombi, P., Fava, G. and Poggi, C. (2007), "Fatigue performance of tensile steel members strengthened with CFRP plates", Compos. Struct., 87(4), 334-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.02.004
  13. Colombi, P. and Fava, G. (2016), "Fatigue crack growth in steel beams strengthened by CFRP strips", Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., 85, 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2016.01.007
  14. Colombi, P. and Poggi, C. (2006), "An experimental, analytical and numerical study of the static behavior of steel beams reinforced by pultruded CFRP strips", Compos. Part B: Eng., 37(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.03.002
  15. Colombi, P. and Poggi, C. (2006), "Strengthening of tensile steel members and bolted joints using adhesively bonded CFRP plates", Constr. Build. Mater., 20(1-2), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.042
  16. Dallyn, P., El-Hamalawi, A. and Palmeri, A. and Knight, R. (2015), "Experimental testing of grouted connections for o shore substructures: A critical review", Structures, 3, 90-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2015.03.005
  17. Deng, J. and Lee, M.M.K. (2007), "Behaviour under static loading of metallic beams reinforced with a bonded CFRP plate", Eng. Struct., 78(2), 232-242.
  18. Deng, J., Jia, Y. and Zheng, H. (2016), "Theoretical and experimental study on notched steel beams strengthened with CFRP plate", Compos. Struct., 136, 450-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.10.024
  19. Deng, J., Lee, M.M.K. and Moy, S.S.J. (2007), "Stress analysis of steel beams reinforced with a bonded CFRP plate", Compos. Struct., 65(2), 205-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2003.10.017
  20. Deshpande, A.B. (2006), Characterization of CFRP and GFRP Composite Materials At High Strain Rate Tensile Loading, Master of Science, Wichita State University, Kansas, USA.
  21. Duell, J.M., Wilson, J.M. and Kessler, M.R. (2008), "Analysis of a carbon composite overwrap pipeline repair system", Int. J. Press.Vess. Piping, 85(11), 782-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2008.08.001
  22. Fam, A., MacDougall, C. and Shaat, A. (2009), "Upgrading steel-concrete composite girders and repair of damaged steel beams using bonded CFRP laminates", Thin Wall. Struct., 47(10), 1122-1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2008.10.014
  23. Fawzia, S., Al-Mahaidi, R., Zhao, X.L. and Rizkalla, S. (2007), "Strengthening of circular hollow steel tubular sections using high modulus CFRP sheets", Constr. Build. Mater., 21(4), 839-845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.06.014
  24. Fernando, B., Yu, T., Teng, J.G. and Zhao, X.L. (2009), "CFRP strengthening of rectangular steel tubes subjected to end bearing loads: Effect of adhesive properties and nite element modelling", Thin Wall. Struct., 47(10), 1020-1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2008.10.008
  25. Fu, Y., Tong, L., He, L. and Zhao, X.L. (2016), "Experimental and numerical investigation on behavior of CFRP-strengthened circular hollow section gap K-joints", Thin Wall. Struct., 102, 80-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.01.020
  26. Ghafoori, E. and Motavalli, M. (2006), "Innovative CFRP-prestressing system for strengthening metallic structures", J. Compos. Constr., 19(6), 1-14.
  27. Gholami, M., Sam, A.R.M., Yatim, J.M. and Tahir, M.M. (2013), "A review on steel/CFRP strengthening systems focusing environmental performance", Constr. Build. Mater., 47, 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.049
  28. Haedir, J. and Zhao, X.L. (2011), "Design of short CFRP-reinforced steel tubular columns", J. Constr. Steel Res., 67(3), 497-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.09.005
  29. Haghpanahi, M. and Pirali, H. (2006), "Hot spot stress determination for a tubular T-joint under combined axial and bending loading", Thin Wall. Struct., 17(3-4), 21-28.
  30. Harwood, R.G. and Shuttleworth, E.P. (2009), Grouted and mechanical strengthening and repair of tubular steel o shore structures, OTH 88 283, London, UK.
  31. Jones, S.C. and Civjan, S.A. (2007), "Application of fiber reinforced polymer overlays to extend steel fatigue life", J. Compos. Constr., 7(4), 331-338 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:4(331)
  32. Jun Deng, Marcus M K Lee, (2007), "Fatigue performance of metallic beam strengthened with a bonded CFRP plate", Compos. Struct., 78, 222-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.09.003
  33. Kobayashi, A., Hidekuma, Y. and Tateishi, A. (2015), "Strengthening of steel and concrete structures using CFRP in Japan", Proceedings of the IABSE-JSCE Joint Conference on Advances in Bridge Engineering-III, Dhaka, August
  34. Lee, M.M.K. (2004), "Offshore Tubular T-Joints Reinforced with Internal Plain Annular Ring Stiffeners", J. Struct. Eng. - ASCE, 130(6), 942-951. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:6(942)
  35. Lee, M.M.K. and Llewelyn-Parry, A. (1999), "Strength of ring-stiffened tubular T-joints in offshore structures: a numerical parametric study", J. Constr. Steel Res., 51(3), 239-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(99)00027-9
  36. Lee, M.M.K. and Llewelyn-Parry, A. (2005), "Strength prediction for ring-stiffened DT-joints in offshore jacket structures", Eng. Struct., 27(3), 421-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.11.004
  37. Lesani, M., Bahaari, M.R. and Shokrieh, M.M. (2013), "Numerical investigation of FRP-strengthened tubular T-joints under axial compressive loads", Compos. Struct., 100, 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.12.020
  38. Lesani, M., Bahaari, M.R. and Shokrieh, M.M. (2014), "Experimental investigation of FRP-strengthened tubular T-joints under axial compressive loads", Constr. Build. Mater., 53, 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.097
  39. Lesani, M., Bahaari, M.R. and Shokrieh, M.M. (2015), "FRP wrapping for the rehabilitation of Circular Hollow Section (CHS) tubular steel connections", Thin Wall. Struct., 90, 216-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.12.013
  40. Linghoff, D., Al-Emrani, M. and Kliger, R. (2006), "Performance of steel beams strengthened with CFRP laminate - Part 1: Laboratory tests", Compos. Part B: Eng., 37, 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.03.002
  41. Mamaghani, I.H.P. (2004), "Seismic design and retrofit of thin-walled steel tubular columns", Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Canada, August.
  42. Meier, U. (1995), "Strengthening of structures using carbon fibre/epoxy composites", Constr. Build. Mater., 9(6), 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00071-2
  43. Miller, T.C., Chajes, M.J., Mertz, D.R. and Hastings, J.N. (2001), "Strengthening of a steel bridge girder using CFRP plates", J. Bridge Eng., 6(6), 514-522. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2001)6:6(514)
  44. Morahan, D.J. and Lalani, M. (2002), "Fatigue and ultimate limit state of grouted tubular joints", Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Norway, June.
  45. MSL Engineering Limited, (1994), Development of grouted tubular joint technology for o shore strengthening and repair, DOC REF C14100R006, Berkshire, England.
  46. Narmashiri, K. and Mehramiz, G. (2007), "Strengthening of steel hollow pipe sections subjected to transverse loads using CFRP", Struct. Eng. Mech., 60(1), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2016.60.1.163
  47. Nassiraei, H., Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A. and Ahmadi, H. (2016), "Static strength of collar plate reinforced tubular T/Y-joints under brace compressive loading", J. Constr. Steel Res., 119, 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.12.011
  48. Nassiraei, H., Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A. and Ahmadi, H. (2016), "Web buckling of light-steel beams strengthened with CFRP subjected to end-bearing forces", Thin Wall. Struct., 103, 141-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.02.010
  49. Nwosu, D.I., Swamidas, A.S.J. and Munaswamy, K. (1995), "Numerical stress analysis of internal ringstiffened tubular", J. Offshore Mech. Arct., 122, 223-242.
  50. Prashob, P.S., Shashikala, A.P. and Somasundaran, T.P. (2017), "Behaviour of carbon ber reinforced polymer strengthened tubular joints", Steel Compos. Struct., 24(4), 383-390. https://doi.org/10.12989/SCS.2017.24.4.383
  51. Rizkalla, S., Dawood, M. and Schnerch, D. (2008), "Development of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer system for strengthening steel structures", Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., 39, 388-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.10.009
  52. Salama, T. and Abd-El-Meguid, A. (2007), Strengthening Steel Bridge Girders Using CFRP, Report Number 06217, The University of Alabama, Alabama, USA.
  53. Schnerch, D., Dawood, M., Rizkalla, S. and Sumner, E. (2007), "Proposed design guidelines for strengthening of steel bridges with FRP materials", Constr. Build. Mater., 21(5), 1001-1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.03.003
  54. Schnerch, D., Stanford, K., Lanier, B. and Rizkalla, S. (2003), "Use of high modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) for strengthening steel structures", Proceedings of the second international workshop on structural composites for infrastructure applications, North Carolina
  55. Seica, M.V. and Packer, J.A. (2007), "FRP materials for the rehabilitation of tubular steel structures, for underwater applications", Compos. Struct., 80(3), 440-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.05.029
  56. Sen, R. (2003), "Advances in the application of FRP for repairing corrosion damage", Prog. Struct. Eng. Mater., 5, 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.147
  57. Sen, R., Liby, L. and Mullins, G. (2001), "Strengthening steel bridge sections using CFRP lam-inates", Compos. Part B: Eng., 32(4), 309-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(01)00006-3
  58. Shao, Y.B., Lie, S.T., Chiew, S.P. and Cai, Y.Q. (2011), "Hysteretic performance of circular hollow section tubular joints with collar-plate reinforcement", J. Constr. Steel Res., 67(12), 1936-1947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.06.010
  59. Shen, W. and Choo, Y.S. (2012), "Stress intensity factor for a tubular T-joint with grouted chord", Eng. Struct., 35, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.10.014
  60. Silvestre, N., Young, B. and Camotim, D. (2008), "Non-linear behaviour and load-carrying capacity of CFRPstrengthened lipped channel steel columns", Eng. Struct., 30(10), 2613-2630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.02.010
  61. Talei-Faz, B., Brennan, F.P. and Dover, W.D. (2004), "Residual static strength of high strength steel cracked tubular joints", Mar. Struct., 17(3-4), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2004.08.006
  62. Tavakkolizadeh, M. and Saadatmanesh, H. (2003), "Fatigue strength of steel girders strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer patch", J. Struct. Eng. - ASCE, 129(2), 186-196. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:2(186)
  63. Tavakkolizadeh, M. and Saadatmanesh, H. (2003), "Strengthening of steel-concrete composite girders using carbon fiber reinforced polymers sheets", J. Struct. Eng. - ASCE, 129(1), 30-40. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:1(30)
  64. Teng, J.G. and Hu, Y.M. (2007), "Behaviour of FRP-jacketed circular steel tubes and cylindrical shells under axial compression", Constr. Build. Mater., 21(4), 827-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.06.016
  65. Teng, J.G., Yu, T. and Fernando, D. (2012), "Strengthening of steel structures with fiber-reinforced polymer composites", Constr. Build. Mater., 78, 131-143.
  66. Thandavamoorthy, T.S. (2000), "Investigation on internally ring-stiffened joints of offshore platforms", J. Offshore Mech. Arct., 122(4), 223-242.
  67. Wang, W. and Chen, Y.Y. (2007), "Hysteretic behaviour of tubular joints under cyclic loading", J. Constr. Steel Res., 63(10), 1384-1395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2006.12.002
  68. Yang, D.P., Shao, Y.B., Long, F.L., Niu, G.Q., Zhang, L. and Zhi, J.B. (2014), "Static strength of RHS T-joints with reinforced chord under in-plane bending load", Appl. Mech. Mater., 488-489, 65-70.
  69. Yang, J., Shao, Y. and Chen, C. (2012), "Static strength of chord reinforced tubular Y-joints under axial loading", Mar. Struct., 29(1), 226-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2012.06.003
  70. Yu, T., Fernando, D., Teng, J.G. and Zhao, X.L. (2012), "Experimental study on CFRP-to-steel bonded interfaces", Compos. Part B: Eng., 43, 2279-2289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.01.024
  71. Zhao, X.L. and Al-Mahaidi, R. (2009), "Web buckling of light steel beams strengthened with CFRP subjected to end-bearing forces", Thin Wall. Struct., 47(10), 1029-1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2008.10.009
  72. Zhao, X.L. and Zhang, L. (2007), "State-of-the-art review on FRP strengthened steel structures", Eng. Struct., 29(8), 1808-1823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.10.006
  73. Zhao, X.L., Fernando, D. and Al-Mahaidi, R. (2006), "CFRP strengthened RHS subjected to transverse end bearing force", Eng. Struct., 28(11), 1555-1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.02.008
  74. Zhu, L., Han, S., Song, Q., Ma, L., Wei, Y. and Li, S. (2016), "Experimental study of the axial compressive strength of CHS T-joints reinforced with external stiffening rings", Thin Wall. Struct., 98, 245-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.09.029
  75. Zhu, L., Zhao, Y., Li, S., Huang, Y. and Ban, L. (2014), "Hysteretic performance of circular hollow section tubular joints with collar-plate reinforcement", Thin Wall. Struct, 85, 481-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.09.018
  76. Zhu, L., Zhao, Y., Li, S., Huang, Y. and Ban, L. (2014), "Numerical analysis of the axial strength of CHS T-joints reinforced with external stiffeners", Thin Wall. Struct., 85, 481-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.09.018