References
- Archibald, S. and Bond, W.J. 2003. Growing tall vs growing wide: tree architecture and allometry of Acacia karroo in forest, savanna, and arid environments. Oikos 102(1): 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12181.x
- Barnes, J.D., Balaguer, L., Manrique, E., Elvira, S. and Davison, A.W. 1992. A reappraisal of the use of DMSO for the extraction and determination of chlorophylls a and b in lichens and higher plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany 32(2): 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(92)90034-Y
- Batjargal, Z. 1997. Desertification in Mongolia. pp. 107-113. In: Agricultural Research Institute of Iceland (Ed.). Proceedings of an international workshop on rangeland desertification. Agricultural Research Institute of Iceland. Keldnaholt, Iceland.
- Berthrong, S.T., Jobbagy, E.G. and Jackson, R.B. 2009. A global meta-analysis of soil exchangeable cations, pH, carbon, and nitrogen with afforestation. Ecological Applications 19(8): 2228-2241. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1730.1
- Canham, C.D., Kobe, R.K., Latty, E.F. and Chazdon, R.L. 1999. Interspecific and intraspecific variation in tree seedling survival: effects of allocation to roots versus carbohydrate reserves. Oecologia 121(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050900
- Cechin, I. and Fumis, T.F. 2004. Effect of nitrogen supply on growth and photosynthesis of sunflower plants grown in the greenhouse. Plant Science 166(5): 1379-1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.01.020
- Chang, S.X. 2003. Seedling sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) half-sib family response to N and P fertilization: growth, leaf area, net photosynthesis and nutrient uptake. Forest Ecology and Management 173(1): 281-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00007-5
- Demarez, V. 1999. Seasonal variation of leaf chlorophyll content of a temperate forest. Inversion of the PROSPECT model. International Journal of Remote Sensing 20(5): 879-894. https://doi.org/10.1080/014311699212975
- Dordas, C.A. and Sioulas, C. 2008. Safflower yield, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency response to nitrogen fertilization under rainfed conditions. Industrial Crops and Products 27(1): 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.07.020
- Evans, J.R. 1989. Photosynthesis and nitrogen relationships in leaves of C3 plants. Oecologia 78(1): 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00377192
- Fenn, L.B. and Kissel, D.E. 1973. Ammonia volatilization from surface applications of ammonium compounds on calcareous soils: I. General theory. Soil Science Society of America Journal 37(6): 855-859. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1973.03615995003700060020x
- Fischer, R.A. and Turner, N.C. 1978. Plant productivity in the arid and semiarid zones. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 29(1): 277-317. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.29.060178.001425
- Fisher, F.M., Zak, J.C., Cunningham, G.L. and Whitford, W.G. 1988. Water and nitrogen effects on growth and allocation patterns of creosotebush in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Range Management 41(5): 387-391. https://doi.org/10.2307/3899572
- Garcia, C., Hernandez, T., Roldan, A., Albaladejo, J. and Castillo, V. 2000. Organic amendment and mycorrhizal inoculation as a practice in afforestation of soils with Pinus halepensis Miller: effect on their microbial activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32(8): 1173-1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00033-X
- Guo, H.X., Liu, W.Q. and Shi, Y.C. 2006. Effects of different nitrogen forms on photosynthetic rate and the chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics of flue-cured tobacco. Photosynthetica 44(1): 140-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-005-0170-3
- Hak, R., Rinderle-Zimmer, U., Lichtenthaler, H.K. and Natr, L. 1993. Chlorophyll a fluorescence signatures of nitrogen deficient barley leaves. Photosynthetica 28: 151-159.
- Hiscox, J.D. and Israelstam, G.F. 1979. A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Canadian Journal of Botany 57(12): 1332-1334. https://doi.org/10.1139/b79-163
- Hsiao, T.C. 1973. Plant responses to water stress. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 24(1): 519-570. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.24.060173.002511
- Jigjidsuren, S. and Oyuntsetseg, S. 1998. Pastureland utilization problems and ecosystem. Ecological Sustainable Development 2: 206-212.
- Jung, Y., Yoon, T.K., Han, S., Kang, H., Yi, M.J. and Son, Y. 2014. Effects of soil amendments on survival rate and growth of Populus sibirica and Ulmus pumila seedlings in a semi-arid region, Mongolia. Journal of Korean Forestry Society 103(4): 703-708. (In Korean) https://doi.org/10.14578/jkfs.2014.103.4.703
- Kassas, M. 1995. Desertification: a general review. Journal of Arid Environments 30(2): 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(05)80063-1
- Kathju, S., Burman, U. and Garg, B.K. 2001. Influence of nitrogen fertilization on water relations, photosynthesis, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism of diverse pearl millet genotypes under arid conditions. The Journal of Agricultural Science 137(03): 307-318.
- Knops, J.M. and Reinhart, K. 2000. Specific leaf area along a nitrogen fertilization gradient. The American Midland Naturalist 144(2): 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0265:SLAAAN]2.0.CO;2
- Li, S.X., Wang, Z.H. and Stewart, B.A. 2013. Responses of crop plants to ammonium and nitrate N. Advances in Agronomy 118: 205-397.
- Mauromicale, G., Ierna, A. and Marchese, M. 2006. Chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content in field-grown potato as affected by nitrogen supply, genotype, and plant age. Photosynthetica 44(1): 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-005-0161-4
- Nielsen, D.C. and Halvorson, A.D. 1991. Nitrogen fertility influence on water stress and yield of winter wheat. Agronomy Journal 83(6): 1065-1070. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300060025x
- Pandey, R.K., Maranville, J.W. and Chetima, M.M. 2000. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment: II. Shoot growth, nitrogen uptake and water extraction. Agricultural Water Management 46(1): 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00074-3
- Priess, J.A., Schweitzer, C., Wimmer, F., Batkhishig, O., Mimler, M. 2011. The consequences of land-use change and water demands in Central Mongolia. Land Use Policy 28(1): 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.03.002
- Salvagiotti, F., Castellarin, J.M., Miralles, D.J. and Pedrol, H.M. 2009. Sulfur fertilization improves nitrogen use efficiency in wheat by increasing nitrogen uptake. Field Crops Research 113(2): 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.05.003
- Tsogtbaatar, J. 2004. Deforestation and reforestation needs in Mongolia. Forest Ecology and Management 201(1): 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.06.011
- United Nations. 1994. UN Earth Summit. Convention on Desertification. UN Conference in Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June 3-4, 1992. DPI/SD/1576. United Nations, New York.
- Veron, S.R., Paruelo, J.M. and Oesterheld, M. 2006. Assessing desertification. Journal of Arid Environments 66(4): 751-763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.01.021
- Wesche, K. and Ronnenberg, K. 2010. Effects of NPK fertilisation in arid southern mongolian desert steppes. Plant Ecology 207(1): 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-009-9656-6
- Woodward, R.G. and Rawson, H.M. 1976. Photosynthesis and transpiration in dicotyledonous plants. II. Expanding and senescing leaves of soybean. Functional Plant Biology 3(2): 257-267.
- Wu, F., Bao, W., Li, F. and Wu, N. 2008. Effects of drought stress and N supply on the growth, biomass partitioning and water-use efficiency of Sophora davidii seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany 63(1): 248-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2007.11.002
- Yahdjian, L., Gherardi, L. and Sala, O.E. 2011. Nitrogen limitation in arid-subhumid ecosystems: a meta-analysis of fertilization studies. Journal of Arid Environments 75(8): 675-680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.03.003