Economic and Environmental Geology (자원환경지질)

The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental Geology (대한자원환경지질학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Slope Stability and Development of Debris Flow Deposit in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea

동해 울릉분지의 사면안정성 및 쇄설류 퇴적체의 발달

  • Lee, Sun-Jong (Department of Oceanography and Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Lee, Jeong-Min (Korea Seabed Information (KOSBI) Corporation) ;
  • Yoo, Dong-Geun (Petroleum and Marine Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)) ;
  • Lee, Go-Eun (Department of Oceanography and Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Park, Soo-Chul (Department of Oceanography and Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University)
  • 이선종 (충남대학교 해양환경과학과) ;
  • 이정민 ((주)한국해저정보) ;
  • 유동근 (한국지질자원연구원 석유해저연구본부) ;
  • 이고은 (충남대학교 해양환경과학과) ;
  • 박수철 (충남대학교 해양환경과학과)
  • Received : 2017.02.18
  • Accepted : 2017.04.21
  • Published : 2017.04.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The shallow sediments in the southwestern Ulleung Basin consist of mass flow deposits such as slide/slump and debris flow deposits (DFD), caused by slope failure. These sediments are proven to be important in studying geological disaster and stability of the seafloor. In this paper, we analysised the flow accumulation and slope failure susceptibility of the Ulleung Basin on the basis of multi-beam data, collected in this area. We also studied the distribution pattern and the seismic characteristics of the DFD in the uppermost layer of the Ulleung Basin on the basis of seismic data. The slope susceptibility was calculated as the frequency ratio of each factors including slope, aspect, curvature and stream power index (SPI), which causes the slope failure. These results indicate that the slope failure is frequently to occur in the southern and western continental slope of the Ulleung Basin. The sediment flow (mass flow) caused by the slope failure converges to the north and northwest of the Ulleung Basin. According to the seismic characteristics, the uppermost layer in study area can be divided into four sedimentary unit. These sedimentary units develop from the south and southwest to the north and northwest in association with slope susceptibility and flow accumulation.

동해 울릉분지 남서부의 천부퇴적층은 대부분 사면사태와 쇄설류 퇴적체로 구성되어 있으며 주로 사면붕괴에 의해 야기된다. 따라서 쇄설류 퇴적체에 대한 연구는 지질재해 및 해저면의 안정성을 연구하는 측면에서 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 본 논문에서는 다중빔 음향측심자료를 이용하여 울릉분지의 흐름집적도 및 사면붕괴 취약성도를 작성하였다. 또한, 탄성파 탐사자료를 활용하여 동해 울릉분지의 최상부층에 존재하는 쇄설류 퇴적체의 분포 및 특성을 연구하였다. 사면붕괴 취약성도는 사면붕괴를 야기하는 각 요소별(경사, 경사방향, 곡률 그리고 수류력지수) 빈도비로 계산되었다. 이러한 결과는 동해 울릉분지의 남쪽과 서쪽 대륙사면에서 사면붕괴가 발생할 확률이 높은 것을 지시해준다. 사면붕괴로 야기되는 퇴적체의 흐름(쇄설류)은 사면기저부를 거쳐 울릉분지의 북서쪽 및 북쪽지역으로 수렴하고 있음을 보여준다. 탄성파 자료 분석에 의하면 연구지역의 최상부층에 분포하는 쇄설류 퇴적체는 총 4개의 퇴적단위로 구분된다. 이러한 퇴적단위의 분포는 흐름집적도와 사면붕괴 취약성도와 연계되어 발달하고 있는 것으로 보인다.

Keywords

References

  1. Baag, C.E., Chang, S.J. and Shin, J.S. (1998) Evaluation of seismic hazard in southern part of Korea, proceedings of 2nd international symposium on seismic hazards and ground motion in the region of moderate seismicity, p.31-50.
  2. Bonnie, A.M., Richard, H.B. and Douglas, N.L. (1979) Bottom precesses, morphology and geotechnical properties of the continental slope south of Baltimore Canyon. Applied Ocean Research, v.1(4), p.177-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1187(79)90025-7
  3. Choi, D.L., Oh, J.K., Lee, C.W. and Woo, H.J. (1997) High-resolution seismic characteristics of the Holocene mud deposits in the southeast innershelf, Korea. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, v.2(1), p.8-13 (in Korean with English abstract).
  4. Choi, D.L., Hong, J.K., Yoo, H.S., Jou, H.T. and Han, S.J. (2001) Gas hydrate occurrence in the Southwestern slope of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, inferred from seismic evidence. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, v.6(4), p.242-248 (in Korean with English abstract).
  5. Choi, M.S., Lee, D.S., Choi, J.C., Cha, H.J. and Yie, H.I. (2006) 239+240 Pu concentration and isotope ratio (240 Pu/239 Pu) in aerosols during high dust (Yellow Sand) period, Korea. Science of the Total Environment, v.370(1), p.262-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.036
  6. Chough, S.K. and Barg, E. (1987) Tectonic history of the Ulleung Basin margin, East Sea (Sea of Japan). Geology, v.15(1), p.45-48. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<45:THOUBM>2.0.CO;2
  7. Chough, S.K., Lee, S.H., Kim, J.W., Park, S.C., Yoo, D.G., Han, H.S., Yoon, S.H., Oh, S. B., Kim, Y.B. and Back, G.G. (1997) Chirp (2-7 kHz) echo characters in the Ulleung Basin. Geoscience Journal, v.1(3), p.143-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02910206
  8. Chough, S.K., Lee, H.J. and Yoon, S.H. (2000) Marine Geology of Korean Seas, 2nd Edition. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. 328p.
  9. Chun, J.H., Han, S.J. and Cheong, D.K. (1997) Tephrostratigraphy in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea: Late Pleistocene to Holocene. Geoscience Journal, v.1(3), p.154-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02910207
  10. Chun, J.H., Huh, S., Han, S.J., Shin, D.H., Cheong, D.K., Hong, K.H. and Kim, S.H. (1999) Sediment characteristics of waste disposal sites in the southwestern Ulleung Basin, the East Sea. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, v.4(4), p.312-322 (in Korean with English abstract).
  11. Dingle, R.V. (1977) The anatomy of a large submarine slump on a sheared continental margin (SE Africa). Journal of the Geological Society, v.134(2), p.293-310. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.134.3.0293
  12. Evans, D., King, E.L., Kenyon, N.H., Brett, C. and Wallis, D. (1996) Evidence for long-term instability in the Storegga Slide region off western Norway. Marine Geology, v.130(3-4), p.281-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(95)00135-2
  13. Hong, G.H., Kim, S.H., Chung, C.S., Kang, D.J., Shin, D.H., Lee, H.J. and Han, S.J. (1997) 210 Pb-derived sediment accumulation rates in the southwestern East Sea (Sea of Japan). Geo-Marine Letter, v.17(2), p.126-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050017
  14. Huh, S., Yoo, H.S., Kim, H.J., Han, S.J. and Lee, Y.K. (2004) Study on the characteristics of gas hydrate layers distributed in the southern Ulleung Basin, the East Sea. Korean journal of petroleum geology, v.10(1- 2), p.18-22 (in Korean with English abstract).
  15. Irino, T. and Tada, R. (2003) High-resolution reconstruction of variation in aeolian dust (Kosa) deposition at ODP site 797, the Japan Sea, during the last 200 ka. Global and Planetary Change, v.35(1-2), p.143-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00135-2
  16. Jeong, K.S. (1983) Mass flow deposits in the Ulleung back-arc Basin, East Sea. M.S. Thesis, Seoul National University, 122p.
  17. Jolivet, L., Shibuyam, H. and Fournierm, M. (1995) Paleomagnetic rotation and the Japan Sea opening. In: Taylor, B., Natland, J (Eds.), Active Margin and Marginal Basins of the Western Pacific. Geophysical Monograph Series, v.88, p.358-369.
  18. Jung, W.Y. and Peter, R.V. (2004) Effect of bottom water warming and sea level rise on Holocene hydrate dissociation and mass wasting along the Norweigian- Barents Continental Margin. Journal of Geophysical Research, v.9(B06), p.1-18.
  19. Jurgen, M., Maarten, V., Stefan, B., Karin, A., Haflidi, H. and Hans, P.S. (2005) Ocean warming and gas hydrate stability on the Mid-Norwegian margin at the storegga slide. Marine and Petroleum Geology, v.22(1-2), p.233-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.018
  20. Kang, J.H., Sung, H.H., Park, C.H., Kim, C.H. and Jeong, E.Y. (2008) The Morphological change by slope erosional processes in the Dokdo Seamount. Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, v.43(6), p.791-807 (in Korean with English abstract).
  21. Keith, A.K. (1993) Gas hydrates-geological perspective and global change. Reviews of Geophysics, v.31(2), p.173-187. https://doi.org/10.1029/93RG00268
  22. Keith, A.K. (1999) Potential effects of gas hydrate on human welfare. Preceeding of National Academic Science, v.96(7), p.3420-3426. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3420
  23. KIGAM (2011) Classification and analysis of seafloor features and seismic facies in the Ulleung Basin. KIGAM research report, 46p (in Korean).
  24. KIGAM (2012) Sedimentary environment and stability of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea. KIGAM research report, 41p (in Korean).
  25. KIGAM (2013) Analysis of the depositional environments and stratigraphy to understand the gas hydrate reservoir system in the Ulleung Basin. KIGAM research report, 43p (in Korean).
  26. Koo, B.Y., Kim, S.P., Lee, G.S. and Chung, G.S. (2014) Seafloor morphology and surface sediment distribution of the Southwestern part of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea. Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society, v.35(2), p.131-146 (in Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.5467/JKESS.2014.35.2.131
  27. KORDI (1994) A study on the marine environmental atlas of the adjacent Seas to Korea; Korea Strait(Third Year). BSPN 00227-733-3, p.439-715 (in Korean).
  28. KORDI (1997) Marine environment changes and basin evolution in the East Sea, Korea (MECBES-97). BSPE 97605-00-1037-5, 657p (in Korean).
  29. KORDI (1998) Marine environment changes and basin evolution in the East Sea of Korea (MECBES-98). BSPE 98709-00-1136-5, 522p (in Korean).
  30. Lee, B.K., Lee, S.W., Kim, H.T. and Kim, S.Y. (2011) Characteristics of core sedimentary facies at the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea of Korea. Journal of the Environmental Sciences, v.20(7), p.829-837 (in Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2011.20.7.829
  31. Lee, C.B., Park, Y.A., Choi, J.Y. and Kim, G.B. (1989) Surface sediments of the continental shelf and slope off the southeastern coast of Korea. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, v.24(1), p.39-51 (in Korean with English abstract).
  32. Lee, C.I., Cho, K.D. and Choe, Y.K. (2003) Spatial variation of polar front in relation to the Tsushima Warm Current in the East Sea. Journal of the environmental sciences, v.12(9), p.943-948 (in Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2003.12.9.943
  33. Lee, G.H. and Suk, B.C. (1998) Latest Neogene-Quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan). Marine Geology, v.146(1-4), p.205-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00123-0
  34. Lee, H.J., Chun, S.S., Yoon, S.H. and Kim, S.R. (1993) Slope stability and geotechnical properties of sediment of the southern margin of Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan). Marine Geology, v.110(1-2), p.31-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(93)90103-3
  35. Lee, H.J., Chough, S.K. and Yoon, S.H. (1996) Slope-stability change from late Pleistocene to Holocene in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea). Sedimentary Geology, v.104(1-4), p.39-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(95)00119-0
  36. Lee, M.J., Lee, S. and Won, J.S. (2004) Study on landslide using GIS and remote sensing at the Kangneung Area(I) - Relationship analysis between landslide location and related factors. Econ. Environ. Geol., v.37(4), p.425-436 (in Korean with English abstract).
  37. Lee, M.J., Lee, S. and Jeon, S.W. (2012) Landslide hazard mapping and verification using probability rainfall and artificial neural networks. Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies, v.15(2), p.57-70 (in Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.11108/kagis.2012.15.2.057
  38. Lee, S. (1999) Development and application of landslide susceptibility analysis techniques using Geographic Information System (GIS). Ph.D. Thesis, Yonsei University, 163p (in Korean).
  39. Lee, S., Lee, M.J. and Won, J.S. (2004) Study on landslide using GIS and remote sensing at the Kangneung Area(II) - Landslide susceptibility mapping and crossvalidation using the probability technique. Econ. Environ. Geol., v.37(5), p.521-532 (in Korean with English abstract).
  40. Lee, S., Lee, M.J. and Won, J.S. (2005) Determination of weight of landslide related factors using artificial neural network and GIS in the Kangneung area. Journal of the geological society of Korea, v.41(1), p.101-111 (in Korean with English abstract).
  41. Lee, S.H., Chough, S.K., Back, G.G., Kim, Y.B. and Sung, B.S. (1999) Gradual downslope change in high-resolution acoustic characters and geometry of largescale submarine debris lobes in Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan), Korea. Geo-Marine Letters, v.19(4), p.254-261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050116
  42. Lee, S.H., Chough, S.K., Back, G.G. and Kim, Y.B. (2002) Chirp (2-7kHz) echo characters of the South Korea Plateau, East Sea: styles of mass movement and sediment gravity flow. Marine Geology, v.184(3-4), p.227-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00283-3
  43. Lee, S.H., Bahk, J.J., Kim, H.J., Lee, K.E., Jou, H.T. and Suk, B.C. (2010) Changes in the frequency, scale, and failing areas of latest Quaternary (< 29.4 cal. ka B.P.) slope failures along the SW Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea), inferred from depositional characters of densely dated turbidite successions. Geo-Marine Letters, v.30(2), p.133-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-009-0168-0
  44. Lee, S.J., Kim, C.H., Jun, C.P., Lee, S.J. and Kim, Y.K. (2015) Mineralogical characteristics of marine Sediments cores from Ulleung Basin and Hupo Basin, East Sea. Journal of the mineralogical society of Korea, v.28(1), p.71-81 (in Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.9727/jmsk.2015.28.1.71
  45. Locat, J. and Lee, H.J. (2002) Submarine landslides: advances and challenges. Canada Geotechnical Journal, v.39(1), p.193-212. https://doi.org/10.1139/t01-089
  46. Min, G.H. (1994) Seismic stratigraphy and depositional history of Pliocene-Holocene deposits in the southeastern shelf, Korean peninsula. Ph.D. Thesis, Seoul National University, 196p.
  47. Mitchum, R.M., JR. Vail, P.R. and Sangree, J.B. (1977) Stratigraphic interpretation of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences. In: C.E. Payton, (Editor), seismic stratigraphy applications to hydrocarbon exploration. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, v.26, p.117-133.
  48. Park, B.K. and Han, S.J. (1984) The distribution of clay minerals in recent sediments of the Korea Strait. Sedimentary Geology, v.41(2-4), p.173-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(84)90060-5
  49. Park, H.T., Yoo, D.G., Han, H.S., Lee, J.M. and Park, S.C. (2012) Acoustic characteristics of gas-related structures in the upper sedimentary layer of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea. Econ. Environ. Geol., v.45(5), p.513- 523 (in Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2012.45.5.513
  50. Park, S.C. and Yoo, D.G. (1988) Depositional history of Quaternary sediments on the continental shelf off the southeastern coast of Korea (Korea Strait). Marine Geology, v.79(1-2), p.65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(88)90157-0
  51. Park, S.C. and Yoo, D.G. (1992) Deposition of coarsegrained sediments in the Korea Strait during late Pleistocene low sea level. Geo-Marine Letters, v.12(1), p.19-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02092104
  52. Park, Y.A. and Choi, J.Y. (1986) Factor analysis of the continental shelf sediments of the southeast coast of Korea and its implication of the depositional environments. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, v.21, p.34-45.
  53. Park, Y.A., Kim, K.R., Park, S.C. and Bak, S.Y. (1987) Characteristics of the bottom sediments from the continental shelf of the Korea Strait and some geochemical aspects of the shelf fine-grained sediments. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, v.22(1), p.43-56 (in Korean with English abstract).
  54. Park, Y.A., Kim, K.R., Choi, J.Y. and Park, S.C. (1988) Size distribution of suspended particulate materials in the southern East Sea of Korea. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, v.23(2), p.76-88.
  55. Peter, R.V. and Jung, W.Y. (2002) Holocene mass wasting on upper non-Polar continental slopes-due to post- Glacial ocean warming and hydrate dissociation. Geophysical Research Letters, v.29(9), p.1-4.
  56. Seung, Y.H. (1992) Water masses and circulations around Korean Peninsula. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, v.27(4), p.324-331 (in Korean with English abstract).
  57. Sultan, N., Cochonat, P., Cayocca, F., Bourillet, J.F. and Colliat, J.L. (2004(a)) Analysis of submarine slumping in the Gabon continental slope. AAPG Bulletin, v.88, p.781-799. https://doi.org/10.1306/01260403086
  58. Sultan, N., Cochonat, P., Foucher, J.P. and Mienert, J. (2004(b)). Effect of gas hydrates melting on seafloor slope instability. Marine Geology, v.213(1-4), p.379-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.015
  59. Tamaki, K., Suyehiro, K., Allan, J., Ingel, J.c. and Jr., Pisciotto, K.A. (1992) Tectonic synthesis and implications of Japan Sea ODP drilling. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v.127/128, part 2, p.1333-1348.
  60. Tom, B. (1983) Submarine slides on the Norwegian continental margin, with special emphasis on the Storegga area. Continental Shelf Institute, Norway, Publication 110, 152p.
  61. Tom, B., Stein, B., Robert, H.B., Tor, E., Eystein, J., Neil H.K., Hans, H. and Hans, P.S. (1987) A giant threestage submarine slide off norway. Geo-Marine Letters, v.7(4), p.191-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02242771
  62. Um, I.K., Choi, M.S. and Shin, H.S. (2009) Characteristics of element geochemistry in Ulleung Basin sediments during the Late Quaternary. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, v.14(2), p.69-79 (in Korean with English abstract).
  63. Yoo, D.G., Kang, D.H., Koo, N.H., Kim, W.S., Kim, G.Y., Kim, B.Y., Chung, S.H., Kim, Y.J., Lee, H.Y., Park, K.P., Lee, G.H. and Park, S.C. (2008) Geophysical evidence for the occurrence of gas hydrate in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea. Journal of the geological society of Korea, v.44(5), p.645-655 (in Korean with English abstract).
  64. Yoon, S.H. (1994) The Eastern continental margin of Korea: Seismic stratigraphy, geological structure and tectonic evolution. Ph.D. Thesis, Seoul National University, 235p.
  65. Yoon, S.H. and Chough, S.K. (1995) Regional strike slip in the eastern continental margin of Korea and its tectonic implications for the evolution of Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan). Geological Society of America Bulletin, v.107(1), p.83-97. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0083:RSSITE>2.3.CO;2
  66. Yoshiaka, K., Boyd, C.B., Jose, C.B., Jose, L.B., Hugh, L.D., Willem, P. de L., Fumihiko, I., Horst, Letz, Jonathan, N. and Costas, E.S. (1999) Tsunami in Papua New Guinea was as intense as first thought. EOS Transactions American Geophysical Union, v.80(9), p.101-105.