DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

SNS상에서 자기노출과 사이버불링

Self-Disclosure and Cyberbullying on SNS

  • 원주연 (충북대학교 대학원 국제경영정보과학 협동과정) ;
  • 서동백 (충북대학교 경영대학 경영정보학과)
  • Jooyeon Won (Global Studies on Management and Information Science (GLOMIS), Graduate School, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • DongBack Seo (Department of Management Information Systems, Chungbuk National University)
  • 투고 : 2016.11.14
  • 심사 : 2017.01.17
  • 발행 : 2017.03.31

초록

많은 사람들은 Social Networking Sites(SNS)를 그들 삶의 일부로 생각하며 사용하고 있다. SNS는 사람들 사이의 관계 형성과 존속에 유용하게 이용되기도 하지만 사이버불링과 같은 부작용을 초래하기도 한다. 특히 사이버블링과 같은 부작용은 나이가 어릴수록 많이 나타나는데, 청소년의 20% 가까이가 사이버블링를 겪었다고 고백하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 사이버불링에 관한 연구는 아직 초기단계에 머물러 있어 용어의 정의와 그 실태의 조사 정도가 전부이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 사회적 교환 이론을 도입하여 SNS의 기본 특성인 자기노출과 인간관계에 중요한 자기 통제력이 사이버불링 피해에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 그리고 SNS를 많이 사용한다고 알려진 20대 대학생들에게 설문지를 돌려 그 결과를 알아 보았다. 본 연구에서는 특히 사이버불링을 사이버 따돌림과 사이버공격으로 분류하고 자기노출을 접속을 위한 자기노출과 존속을 위한 자기노출로 구분을 지었다. 그리고 두 종류의 자기노출과 자기 통제력이 두 유형의 사이버불링과 각각 어떻게 다른 상관관계를 갖는지 비교 설명하고자 한다.

Since the development of information communication technologies, social networking sites (SNSs) have been diffused to the world with benefits such as building and maintaining relationships among people. SNSs have become more popular with the development of mobile devices. Despite this advantage, SNSs also present unexpected effects on people, such as cyberbullying and identity theft. Cyberbullying has emerged as one of the most serious issues among people who use SNSs. In fact, almost 20% of teenagers confessed that they have been cyberbullied on SNSs. In consideration of this serious social issue, this study investigates the influences of self-disclosure and self-control on the cyberbullying victimization experience from the perspective of Social Exchange Theory. Self-disclosure is a basic characteristic of SNSs. It is classified into self-disclosure for access to SNS and self-disclosure for relationship building and maintaining on SNSs. The cyberbullying victimization experience is classified into being cyber-excluded and being cyber-attacked. We examine how two types of self-disclosure and self-control affect two types of cyberbullying victimization experience based on the survey data of people who are in their 20s and are greatly familiar with SNSs.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. 김대진, 김진수, "SNS(Social Network Service)의 사용자 만족과 지속적사용 향상을 위한 방안", Information Systems Review, 제17권, 제1호, 2015, pp. 171-197. https://doi.org/10.14329/isr.2015.17.1.171
  2. 김은경, 청소년의 사이버 불링에 영향을 미치는 관련 변인 연구 (박사학위논문), 명지대학교 대학원, 2012.
  3. 민진영, 김병수, "프라이버시 계산 모형을 적용한 SNS 지속 사용 의도에 대한 연구: 페이스북과 카카오톡 사례 중심으로", Information Systems Review, 제15권, 제1호, 2013, pp. 105-122.
  4. 박경숙, 손희권, 송혜정, 학생의 왕따(집단 따돌림 및 괴롭힘)현상에 관한 연구, 한국교육개발원, 1998.
  5. 박금숙, 청소년의 개인적 특성과 집단따돌림 가해․피해 경험 간의 관련성 연구 (박사학위논문), 한세대학교 일반대학원, 2015.
  6. 서진욱, "잦은 알림음, 커지는 신음...' 메신저감옥', 주먹보다 아픈말", 머니투데이, 2016. 10.06, Available at: http://www.mt.co.kr/view/mtview.php?type=1&no=2016100417314218752&outlink=1.
  7. 안수미, 장재연, 김지동, 김범수, "SNS에서 프라이버시 침해의도에 영향을 미치는 요인", Information Systems Review, 제16권, 제2호, 2014, pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.14329/isr.2014.16.2.001
  8. 이경희, 초등학생의 집단따돌림 유형별 발생원인의 성분비교: 사회관계모형분석 (석사학위논문), 경남대학교 교육대학원, 2005.
  9. 임영식, "학교폭력에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구", 청소년학연구, 제15권, 제3호, 1998, pp. 27-39.
  10. 하창순, 한국판 자기통제력 척도 타당화 연구 (박사학위논문), 단국대학교 대학원, 2004.
  11. 한국정보화진흥원, "한․미․일 SNS 서비스 비교 분석", IT정책연구시리즈, 제11호, 2009.
  12. Bagozzi, R. P. and Y. Yi, "On the evaliuation of sturcturl equation models", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol.1, No.1, 1988, pp. 74-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
  13. Barker, V., "Older adolescents' motivations for social network site use: The influence of gender, group identity, and collective self-esteem", Cyberchology & Behavior, Vol.12, No.2, 2009, pp. 209-213. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0228
  14. Belsey, B., Cyberbullying.ca, 2004, Available at www.cyberbullying.ca.
  15. Beran, T. and Q. Li, "The relationship between cyberbullying and school bullying", The Journal of Student Wellbeing, Vol.1, No.2, 2008, pp. 16-33. https://doi.org/10.21913/JSW.v1i2.172
  16. Blau, P. M., Exchange and Power in Social Life, John Wiley, New York, NY, 1964.
  17. Boyd, D., "Why youth (Heart) social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life", in D. Buckingham (ed.) Youth, Identity, and Digital Media, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2008, pp. 119-142.
  18. Branckaute, F., "Facebook statistics: The numbers game continues", The Blog Herald, 2010, Available at http://www.blogherald.com/2010/08/11/facebook-statistics-the-numbers-game-continues.
  19. Bronwyn, D., Life in the Classroom, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1982.
  20. Bullas, J., "33 social media facts and statistics: You should know in 2015", 2015, Available at http://www.jeffbullas.com/2015/04/08/33-social -media-facts-and-statistics-you-should-know-in2015.
  21. Carpenter, C. J., "Narcissism on Facebook: Selfpromotional and anti-social behavior", Personality and Individual Differences, Vol.52, No.4, 2012, pp. 482-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.011
  22. Chen, R., "Living a private life in public social networks: An exploration of member self-disclosure", Decision Support Systems, Vol.55, No.3, 2013, pp. 661-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.12.003
  23. Cleemput, K. V. and H. Vandebosch, "Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters", Cyberchology & Behavior, Vol.11, No.4, 2008, pp. 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0042
  24. Collins, N. L. and L. C. Miller, "Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review", Psychological Bulletin, Vol.116, No.3, 1994, pp. 457-475. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.457
  25. Derlega, J. V. and J. Grezelak, "Appropriateness of self-disclosure", in G. J. Chelune (ed.), Self-Disclosure: Origins, Patterns, and Implications of Openness in Interpersonal Relationships, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1979, pp. 151-176.
  26. Dooley, J. J., J. Pyzalski, and D. Cross, "Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review", Journal of Psychology, Vol.217, No.4, 2009, pp. 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.182
  27. Dredge, R., J. Gleeson, and X. D. L. P. Garccis, "Presentation on Facebook and risk of cyberbullying victimisation", Computers in Human Behavior, Vol.40, No.1, 2014, pp. 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.035
  28. Elizabeth., C., I. Magdalena., W. Kevin, C. Cory, and P. Nicole, Will you be my friend?: Computermediated relatonal development on Facebook.com, San Francisco, CA, International Communication Association, 2007.
  29. Ellison, N. B. and M. D. Boyd, "Social network sites: Defnition, history, and scholarship", Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol.13, No.1, 2008, pp. 210-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
  30. Ellison, N. B., C. Steinfield, and C. Lampe, "The benefis of Facebook "friends": Social capital and college students' use of online social network sites", Journal of Computer-Mediated Communications, Vol.12, No.4, 2007, pp. 1143-1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
  31. Erder-baker, O., "Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet mediated communication tools", New Media Society, Vol.12, No.1, 2010, pp. 109-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341260
  32. Fonell, C. and D. F. Larcker, "Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error", Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.18, No.1, 1981, pp. 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  33. Fornell, C. and F. L. Bookstein, "Two structrual equation models: LISREL and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory", Jounal of Marketing Research, Vol.19, No.4, 1982, pp. 440-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378201900406
  34. Hamer, A. d., E. A. Konijn, and M. G. Keijer, "Cyberbullying behaviors and adolescents' use of media with antisocial content: A cyclic process model", Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Network, Vol.17, No.2, 2014, pp. 74-81. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0307
  35. Haynie, D. L., T. Nansel, P. Eitel, A. D. Crump, K. Saylor, K. Yu, and B. Simons-Morton, "Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth", The Journal of Early Adolescence, Vol.21, No.1, 2001, pp. 29-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431601021001002
  36. Henderson, M., M. D. Zwart, D. Lindsay, and M. Phillips, "Legal risks for students using social networking sites", Australian Educational Computing, Vol.25, No.1, 2010, pp. 3-7.
  37. Hinduja, S. and J. W. Patchin, "2015 cyberbullying data", Cyberbullying Research Center, 2015, Available at http://cyberbullying.org/2015-data
  38. Ho, K., "41 Up-to-Date Facebook Facts and Stat", 2015, Available at http://blog.wishpond.com/post/115675435109/40-up-to-date-facebook-facts-and-stats.
  39. Homans, G. G., "Social behavior as exchange", American Journal of Sociology, Vol.63, No.6, 1958, pp. 597-606. https://doi.org/10.1086/222355
  40. Irwin, A. and T. A. Dalmas, Social Penetration: The Development of Interpersonal Relationships, Holt Rineheart & Winston, Oxford, Engliand, 1973.
  41. John, T. W. and H. H. Kelley, The Social Psychology of Groups, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1959.
  42. Jourard, S. M., The Transparent Self, Prinston N.J: D. Van Nostrand, 1964. 
  43. Kang, C., "Nine of 10 teenagers have witnessed bullying on social networks, study finds", Washin gton Post, 2011, Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/nine-of-10-teenagers-have-witnessed-bullying-on-social-networks-study-finds/2011/11/08/gIQAPqUq3M_story.html.
  44. Kietzmann, J. H., K. Hermkens, and I. P. McCarthy, "Social media? get serious! understanding the functional building blocks of social media", Kelley School of Business, Vol.54, No.3, 2011, pp. 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005
  45. Kuss, D. J. and M. D. Griffiths, "Online social networking and addiction: A review of the psychological literature", Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol.9, No.9, 2011, pp. 3528-3552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8093528
  46. Kwan, G. C. E. and M. M. Skoric, "Facebook bullying: An extension of battles in school", Computers in Human Behavior, Vol.29, No.1, 2013, pp. 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.014
  47. Langos, C., "Cyberbullying: The challenge to define", Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol.15, No.6, 2012, pp. 285-289. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0588
  48. Li, Q., "Cyberbullying in schools; A research of gender differences", School Psychology International, Vol.27, No.2, 2006, pp. 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034306064547
  49. Liu, Z., Q. Min, Q. Zhai, and, R. Smyth, "Self-disclosure in Chinese micro-blogging: A social exchange theory perspective", Information & Management, Vol.53, No.1, 2013, pp. 53-63.
  50. Logue, A. W., Self-control: Waiting until Tomorrow for What You Want Today, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US: Prentice-Hall, 1995.
  51. Lowry, P. B., J. Cao, and A. Everard, "Privacy concerns versus desire for interpersonal awareness in driving the use of selfdisclosure technologies: The case of instant messaging in two cultures", Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol.27, No.4, 2011, pp. 163-200. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222270406
  52. Marees, N. V. and F. Petermann, "Cyberbullying: An increasing challenge for schools", School Psychology International, Vol.33, No.5, 2012, pp. 467-476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445241
  53. Menesini, E., A. Nocentini, B. E. Palladino, A. Frise'n, S. Berne, R. Ortega-Ruiz, J. Calmaestra, H. Scheithauer, A. Schultze-Krumbholz, P. Luik, K. Naraskov, C. Blaya, J. Berthaud and P. K. Smith, "Cyberbullying definition among adolescents: A comparison across six European countries", Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol.15, No.8, 2012, pp. 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0040
  54. Mishna, F., M. Khoury-Kassabri, T. Gadalla, and J. Daciuk, "Risk factors for involvement in cyber bullying: Victims, bullies and bully-victims", Children and Youth Services Review, Vol.34, No.1, 2012, pp. 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.032
  55. Naruskov, K., P. Luik, A. Nocentini, and E. Menesin, "Estonian students' perception and definition of cyberbullying", TRAMES, Vol.16, No.4, 2012, pp. 323-343. https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2012.4.02
  56. Nocentini, A., J. Calmaestra, A. Schulze-Krumbholz, H. Scheithauer, R. Ortega, and E. Menesini, "Cyberbullying: Labels, behaviours and definition in three European countries", Australian Journal of Guidance & Counselling, Vol.20, No.2, 2010, pp. 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.20.2.129
  57. Orth, U. and R. W. Robins, "The development of self-esteem", Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol.23, No.5, 2014, pp. 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547414
  58. Posey, C., B. Lowry, T. L. Roberts, and S. Ellis, "Proposing the online community self-disclosure model: The case of working professionals in France and the UK who use online communities", European Journal of Information Systems, Vol.19, No.2, 2010, pp. 181-195.  https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2010.15
  59. Prinstein, M. J., J. Boergers, and E. M. Vernberg, "Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims", Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, Vol.30, No.4, 2001, pp. 479-491. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3004_05
  60. Ross, C., E. S. Orr, M. Sisic, J. M. Arseneault, M. G. Simmering, and O. R. R., "Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use", Computers in Human Behavior, Vo.25, No.2, 2009, pp. 578-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.024
  61. Sheldon, P., "I'll poke you. You'll poke me! Self-disclosure, social attraction, predictability and trust as important predictors of Facebook relationships", Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, Vol.3, No.2, 2009, pp. 5-15.
  62. Smith, P. K., J. Mahdavi, M. Carvalgo, S. Fisher, S. Russell, and N. Tippett, "Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vo.49, No.4, 2008, pp. 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
  63. Statista, "Global social networks ranked by number of users", 2016, Available at http://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users.
  64. Statista, "Number of daily active Facebook users worldwide as of 2nd quarter 2016", 2016, Available at http://www.statista.com/statistics/346167/facebook-global-dau.
  65. Statista, "Number of worldwide social network users", 2015, Available at http://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users.
  66. Tenenhaus, M., V. E. Vinzi, Y. M. Chatelin, and C. Lauro, "PLS path modeling", Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, Vol.48, No.1, 2005, pp. 159-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2004.03.005
  67. Trepte, S. and L. Reinecke, "The reciprocal effects of social network site use and the disposition", Computers in Human Behavior, Vol.29, No.3, 2012, pp. 1102-1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.002
  68. Valkenburg, P. M. and J. Peter, "Online communication among adolescents: An integrated model of its attraction, opportunities, and risks", Journal of Adolescent Health, Vol.48, No.2, 2011, pp. 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.020
  69. Wakefield, R., "The influence of user affect in online information disclosure", The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Vol.22, No.2, 2013, pp. 157-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2013.01.003
  70. Walrave, M., I. Vanwesenbeeck, and W. Heirman, "Connecting and protecting? Comparing predictors of self-disclosure and privacy settings use between adolescents and adults", Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, Vol.6, No.1, 2012, Aricle 3.
  71. Wang, S. S. and M. A. Stefanone, "Showing off? Human mobility and the interplay of traits, self-disclosure, and Facebook check-ins", Social Science Computer Review, Vol.31, No.4, 2013, pp. 437-457. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439313481424
  72. Willard, N., Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats, National Conference, 2005.
  73. Zhao, Y., Y. Jia, and Y. Lin, "Effects of system characteristics on users' self-disclosure in Social Networking sites", Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG), 2010 Seventh International Conference on, 2010.