Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

The Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (대한구강악안면외과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Complications associated with orthognathic surgery

  • Kim, Young-Kyun (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital)
  • Received : 2017.02.02
  • Accepted : 2017.02.09
  • Published : 2017.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

While most patients undergo orthognathic surgery for aesthetic purposes, aesthetic improvements are most often followed by postoperative functional complications. Therefore, patients must carefully decide whether their purpose of undergoing orthognathic surgery lies on the aesthetic side or the functional side. There is a wide variety of complications associated with orthognathic surgery. There should be a clear distinction between malpractice and complications. Complications can be resolved without any serious problems if the cause is detected early and adequate treatment provided. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons must have a full understanding of the types, causes, and treatment of complications, and should deliver this information to patients who develop these complications.

Keywords

References

  1. Jung JY, Park JH, Sin SH, Lee HK, Lee SW, Kim WH, et al. Postoperative complications of bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy of mandible. Korean J Hosp Dent 2006;4:67-81.
  2. Kim JH, Kim SG, Oh JS. Complications related to orthognathic surgery. J Korean Assoc Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;32:416-21.
  3. Ahn YS, Kim SG, Baik SM, Kim BO, Kim HK, Moon SY, et al. Comparative study between resorbable and nonresorbable plates in orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68:287-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.07.020
  4. Jedrzejewski M, Smektala T, Sporniak-Tutak K, Olszewski R. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative complications in orthognathic surgery: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2015;19:969-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-015-1452-1
  5. Brons S, Becking AG, Tuinzing DB. Value of informed consent in surgical orthodontics. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67:1021-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2008.12.038
  6. Lanigan DT, Hey JH, West RA. Major vascular complications of orthognathic surgery: hemorrhage associated with Le Fort I osteotomies. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;48:561-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(10)80468-9
  7. Thastum M, Andersen K, Rude K, Norholt SE, Blomlof J. Factors influencing intraoperative blood loss in orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:1070-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.02.006
  8. Lee HK, Shin SS, Kim HW, Cheon SH, Kim S, Park YH, et al. A case report: menstrual dysfunction and bleeding tendency caused by surgical stress. Korean J Hosp Dent 2006;4:59-66.
  9. Basu HK. Fibrin degradation products in sera of women with normal menstruation and menorrhagia. Br Med J 1970;1:74-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5688.74
  10. Lin S, Chen C, Yao CF, Chen YA, Chen YR. Comparison of different hypotensive anaesthesia techniques in orthognathic surgery with regard to intraoperative blood loss, quality of the surgical field, and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:1526-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.09.005
  11. Steenen SA, Becking AG. Bad splits in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy: systematic review of fracture patterns. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:887-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.02.001
  12. O'ryan F, Poor DB. Completing sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible after fracture of the buccal plate. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62:1175-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2003.12.032
  13. Patterson AL, Bagby SK. Posterior vertical body osteotomy (PVBO): a predictable rescue procedure for proximal segment fracture during sagittal split ramus osteotomy of the mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999;57:475-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(99)90295-1
  14. Precious DS, Lung KE, Pynn BR, Goodday RH. Presence of impacted teeth as a determining factor of unfavorable splits in 1256 sagittal-split osteotomies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;85:362-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1079-2104(98)90057-9
  15. Posnick JC, Choi E, Liu S. Occurrence of a 'bad' split and success of initial mandibular healing: a review of 524 sagittal ramus osteotomies in 262 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:1187-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.05.003
  16. Steenen SA, van Wijk AJ, Becking AG. Bad splits in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy: systematic review and meta-analysis of reported risk factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:971-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.02.011
  17. Reyneke JP, Tsakiris P, Becker P. Age as a factor in the complication rate after removal of unerupted/impacted third molars at the time of mandibular sagittal split osteotomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002;60:654-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2002.33114
  18. Van Sickels JE, Dolce C, Keeling S, Tiner BD, Clark GM, Rugh JD. Technical factors accounting for stability of a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy advancement: wire osteosynthesis versus rigid fixation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89:19-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1079-2104(00)80008-6
  19. Schwartz HC. Simultaneous removal of third molars during sagittal split osteotomies: the case against. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62:1147-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2004.04.015
  20. Lee JH, Lee IW, Seo BM. Clinical analysis of early reoperation cases after orthognathic surgery. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;36:28-38. https://doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2010.36.1.28
  21. Moroi A, Yoshizawa K, Iguchi R, Kosaka A, Ikawa H, Saida Y, et al. Comparison of the computed tomography values of the bone fragment gap after sagittal split ramus osteotomy in mandibular prognathism with and without asymmetry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:1520-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.08.015
  22. Ellis E 3rd, Hinton RJ. Histologic examination of the temporomandibular joint after mandibular advancement with and without rigid fixation: an experimental investigation in adult Macaca mulatta. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;49:1316-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(91)90311-9
  23. Ueki K, Degerliyurt K, Hashiba Y, Marukawa K, Nakagawa K, Yamamoto E. Horizontal changes in the condylar head after sagittal split ramus osteotomy with bent plate fixation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008;106:656-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.03.016
  24. Baek SH, Kim TK, Kim MJ. Is there any difference in the condylar position and angulation after asymmetric mandibular setback? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;101:155-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.04.007
  25. Yoshida K, Rivera RS, Kaneko M, Kurita K. Minimizing displacement of the proximal segment after bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy in asymmetric cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;59:15-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2001.19264
  26. Kang MG, Yun KI, Kim CH, Park JU. Postoperative condylar position by sagittal split ramus osteotomy with and without bone graft. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68:2058-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.12.015
  27. Ellis E 3rd. A method to passively align the sagittal ramus osteotomy segments. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:2125-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2007.02.005
  28. Yang HJ, Hwang SJ. Evaluation of postoperative stability after BSSRO to correct facial asymmetry depending on the amount of bone contact between the proximal and distal segment. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014;42:e165-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2013.07.015
  29. Uckan S, Buchbinder D, Orhan M, Mutlu N. Management of early relapse after a sagittal split ramus osteotomy by gradual callus distraction: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;58:220-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(00)90343-4
  30. Chang HP, Tseng YC, Chang HF. Treatment of mandibular prognathism. J Formos Med Assoc 2006;105:781-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60264-3
  31. Kim JW, Jeon HR, Hong JR. The study on vertical stability of anterior open bite patients after bssro. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;31:422-6.
  32. Han JJ, Park MW, Park JB, Park HS, Paek SJ, Sul H, et al. Evaluation of dominant influencing factor for postoperative relapse after BSSRO for mandibular prognathism. Recent Advances in Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery 2014;1:27-36.
  33. Yang HJ, Hwang SJ. Contributing factors to intraoperative clockwise rotation of the proximal segment as a relapse factor after mandibular setback with sagittal split ramus osteotomy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014;42:e57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2013.05.034
  34. Proffit WR, Phillips C, Turvey TA. Stability after surgical-orthodontic corrective of skeletal Class III malocclusion. 3. Combined maxillary and mandibular procedures. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1991;6:211-25.
  35. Jakobsone G, Stenvik A, Sandvik L, Espeland L. Three-year follow-up of bimaxillary surgery to correct skeletal Class III malocclusion: stability and risk factors for relapse. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011;139:80-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.03.050
  36. Han JJ, Lee SY, Hwang SJ. Postoperative stability after SSRO in mandibular prognathism in relation to rotation of proximal segment. Recent Advances in Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery 2013;2:1-8.
  37. Al-Din OF, Coghlan KM, Magennis P. Sensory nerve disturbance following Le Fort I osteotomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;25:13-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0901-5027(96)80005-1
  38. Hasegawa T, Tateishi C, Asai M, Imai Y, Okamoto N, Shioyasono A, et al. Retrospective study of changes in the sensitivity of the oral mucosa: sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) versus intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO). Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015;44:349-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2014.10.016
  39. Verweij JP, Mensink G, Fiocco M, van Merkesteyn JP. Incidence and recovery of neurosensory disturbances after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy in different age groups: a retrospective study of 263 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:898-903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.01.011
  40. Agbaje JO, Salem AS, Lambrichts I, Jacobs R, Politis C. Systematic review of the incidence of inferior alveolar nerve injury in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy and the assessment of neurosensory disturbances. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015;44:447-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2014.11.010
  41. de Vries K, Devriese PP, Hovinga J, van den Akker HP. Facial palsy after sagittal split osteotomies. A survey of 1747 sagittal split osteotomies. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1993;21:50-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-5182(05)80147-7
  42. Consolo U, Salgarelli A. Transient facial nerve palsy following orthognathic surgery: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992;50:77-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(92)90203-C
  43. Jones JK, Van Sickels JE. Facial nerve injuries associated with orthognathic surgery: a review of incidence and management. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;49:740-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(10)80239-3
  44. Koh KM, Yang JY, Leem DH, Baek JA, Ko SO, Shin HK. Facial nerve palsy after sagittal split ramus osteotomy: follow up with electrodiagnostic tests. J Korean Assoc Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;33:190-7.
  45. Luo Y, Svensson P, Jensen JD, Jensen T, Neuman B, Arendt-Nielsen L, et al. Quantitative sensory testing in patients with or without ongoing pain one year after orthognathic surgery. J Oral Facial Pain Headache 2014;28:306-16.
  46. Politis C, Lambrichts I, Agbaje JO. Neuropathic pain after orthognathic surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014;117:e102-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2013.08.001
  47. Teerijoki-Oksa T, Jaaskelainen SK, Soukka T, Virtanen A, Forssell H. Subjective sensory symptoms associated with axonal and demyelinating nerve injuries after mandibular sagittal split osteotomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;69:e208-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.01.024
  48. Agbaje JO, Van de Casteele E, Hiel M, Verbaanderd C, Lambrichts I, Politis C. Neuropathy of trigeminal nerve branches after oral and maxillofacial treatment. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2016;15:321-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-015-0843-9
  49. Chow LK, Singh B, Chiu WK, Samman N. Prevalence of postoperative complications after orthognathic surgery: a 15-year review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:984-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2006.07.006
  50. Kramer FJ, Baethge C, Swennen G, Teltzrow T, Schulze A, Berten J, et al. Intra- and perioperative complications of the LeFort I osteotomy: a prospective evaluation of 1000 patients. J Craniofac Surg 2004;15:971-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001665-200411000-00016
  51. Yen CY, Kuo CL, Liu IH, Su WC, Jiang HR, Huang IG, et al. Modified alar base cinch suture fixation at the bilateral lower border of the piriform rim after a maxillary Le Fort I osteotomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:1459-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.06.002
  52. Shams MG, Motamedi MH. A more effective alar cinch technique. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002;60:712-5. https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2002.33129
  53. Monnazzi MS, Mannarino FS, Gabrielli MFR. Extraoral alar base cinch. A modification for the technique. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Med Pathol 2014;26:142-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoms.2013.07.008
  54. Shin YM, Lee ST, Kwon TG. Surgical correction of septal deviation after Le Fort I osteotomy. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;38:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40902-016-0067-z
  55. Ibrahim A, Balakrishnan R, Ebenezer V, Padmanabhan A, Muthlingam V. Combating nasal septum deviation in le fort 1 orthognathic surgery complications, with submental intubation. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8:ZC46-8.
  56. Al-Riyami S, Moles DR, Cunningham SJ. Orthognathic treatment and temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. Part 1. A new quality-assessment technique and analysis of study characteristics and classifications. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136:624.e1-15; discussion 624-5.
  57. Jung HD, Kim SY, Park HS, Jung YS. Orthognathic surgery and temporomandibular joint symptoms. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;37:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40902-015-0014-4
  58. Hackney FL, Van Sickels JE, Nummikoski PV. Condylar displacement and temporomandibular joint dysfunction following bilateral sagittal split osteotomy and rigid fixation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989;47:223-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(89)90221-8
  59. Spitzer W, Rettinger G, Sitzmann F. Computerized tomography examination for the detection of positional changes in the temporomandibular joint after ramus osteotomies with screw fixation. J Maxillofac Surg 1984;12:139-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0503(84)80230-1
  60. Nadershah M, Mehra P. Orthognathic surgery in the presence of temporomandibular dysfunction: what happens next? Oral Maxil lofac Surg Clin North Am 2015;27:11-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2014.09.002
  61. De Clercq CA, Abeloos JS, Mommaerts MY, Neyt LF. Temporomandibular joint symptoms in an orthognathic surgery population. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1995;23:195-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-5182(05)80010-1
  62. Panula K, Somppi M, Finne K, Oikarinen K. Effects of orthognathic surgery on temporomandibular joint dysfunction. A controlled prospective 4-year follow-up study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;29:183-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0901-5027(00)80089-2
  63. Hellsing G, Holmlund A. Development of anterior disk displacement in the temporomandibular joint: an autopsy study. J Prosthet Dent 1985;53:397-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(85)90521-9
  64. Legrell PE, Isberg A. Mandibular length and midline asymmetry after experimentally induced temporomandibular joint disk displacement in rabbits. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999;115:247-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(99)70325-2
  65. Schellhas KP, Pollei SR, Wilkes CH. Pediatric internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint: effect on facial development. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1993;104:51-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(93)70027-L
  66. Cascone P, Di Paolo C, Leonardi R, Pedulla E. Temporomandibular disorders and orthognathic surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2008;19:687-92. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0b013e3180c31962
  67. Toll DE, Popovic N, Drinkuth N. The use of MRI diagnostics in orthognathic surgery: prevalence of TMJ pathologies in Angle Class I, II, III patients. J Orofac Orthop 2010;71:68-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-010-0903-1
  68. Celic R, Jerolimov V, Panduric J. A study of the influence of occlusal factors and parafunctional habits on the prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMD. Int J Prosthodont 2002;15:43-8.
  69. Miller JR, Burgess JA, Critchlow CW. Association between mandibular retrognathia and TMJ disorders in adult females. J Public Health Dent 2004;64:157-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.2004.tb02746.x
  70. Miller JR, Mancl L, Critchlow C. Severe retrognathia as a risk factor for recent onset painful TMJ disorders among adult females. J Orthod 2005;32:249-56. https://doi.org/10.1179/146531205225021222
  71. Thilander B, Rubio G, Pena L, de Mayorga C. Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction and its association with malocclusion in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic study related to specified stages of dental development. Angle Orthod 2002;72:146-54.
  72. Hwang CJ, Sung SJ, Kim SJ. Lateral cephalometric characteristics of malocclusion patients with temporomandibular joint disorder symptoms. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;129:497-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.12.019
  73. Pahkala RH, Laine-Alava MT. Do early signs of orofacial dysfunctions and occlusal variables predict development of TMD in adolescence? J Oral Rehabil 2002;29:737-43. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00956.x
  74. Riolo ML, Brandt D, TenHave TR. Associations between occlusal characteristics and signs and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction in children and young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1987;92:467-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(87)90228-9
  75. Jung WS, Kim H, Jeon DM, Mah SJ, Ahn SJ. Magnetic resonance imaging-verified temporomandibular joint disk displacement in relation to sagittal and vertical jaw deformities. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013;42:1108-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2013.03.012
  76. Abrahamsson C, Ekberg E, Henrikson T, Nilner M, Sunzel B, Bondemark L. TMD in consecutive patients referred for orthognathic surgery. Angle Orthod 2009;79:621-7. https://doi.org/10.2319/060408-293.1
  77. Kobayashi T, Izumi N, Kojima T, Sakagami N, Saito I, Saito C. Progressive condylar resorption after mandibular advancement. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;50:176-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2011.02.006
  78. Hatcher DC. Progressive condylar resorption: pathologic processes and imaging considerations. Semin Orthod 2013;19:97-105. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sodo.2012.11.005
  79. Hoppenreijs TJ, Stoelinga PJ, Grace KL, Robben CM. Long-term evaluation of patients with progressive condylar resorption following orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999;28:411-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0901-5027(99)80052-6
  80. Catherine Z, Breton P, Bouletreau P. Condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery: a systematic review. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac Chir Orale 2016;117:3-10.
  81. Merkx MA, Van Damme PA. Condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery. Evaluation of treatment in 8 patients. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1994;22:53-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-5182(05)80297-5
  82. Arnett GW, Milam SB, Gottesman L. Progressive mandibular retrusion--idiopathic condylar resorption. Part I. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996;110:8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(96)70081-1
  83. Arnett GW, Milam SB, Gottesman L. Progressive mandibular retrusion-idiopathic condylar resorption. Part II. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996;110:117-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(96)70099-9
  84. Joss CU, Vassalli IM. Stability after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy advancement surgery with rigid internal fixation: a systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67:301-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2008.06.060
  85. Gunson MJ, Arnett GW, Milam SB. Pathophysiology and pharmacologic control of osseous mandibular condylar resorption. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;70:1918-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.07.018
  86. Handelman CS, Greene CS. Progressive/idiopathic condylar resorption: an orthodontic perspective. Semin Orthod 2013;19:55-70. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sodo.2012.11.004
  87. Joos U. An adjustable bone fixation system for sagittal split ramus osteotomy: preliminary report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999;37:99-103. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjom.1997.0081
  88. Gerressen M, Zadeh MD, Stockbrink G, Riediger D, Ghassemi A. The functional long-term results after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) with and without a condylar positioning device. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;64:1624-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2005.11.110
  89. Kim YK, Yun PY, Ahn JY, Kim JW, Kim SG. Changes in the temporomandibular joint disc position after orthognathic surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;108:15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.02.005
  90. Ueki K, Marukawa K, Nakagawa K, Yamamoto E. Condylar and temporomandibular joint disc positions after mandibular osteotomy for prognathism. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002;60:1424-32. https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2002.36098
  91. Hu J, Wang D, Zou S. Effects of mandibular setback on the temporomandibular joint: a comparison of oblique and sagittal split ramus osteotomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;58:375-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(00)90915-7
  92. White CS, Dolwick MF. Prevalence and variance of temporomandibular dysfunction in orthognathic surgery patients. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1992;7:7-14.
  93. Al-Riyami S, Cunningham SJ, Moles DR. Orthognathic treatment and temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. Part 2. Signs and symptoms and meta-analyses. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136:626.e1-16.
  94. Jang JH, Choi SK, Park SH, Kim JW, Kim SJ, Kim MR. Clinical evaluation of temporomandibular joint disorder after orthognathic surgery in skeletal class II malocclusion patients. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;38:139-44. https://doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2012.38.3.139
  95. Ueki K, Marukawa K, Shimada M, Yoshida K, Hashiba Y, Shimizu C, et al. Condylar and disc positions after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy with and without a Le Fort I osteotomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;36:207-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2006.09.021
  96. Bell WH, Yamaguchi Y. Condyle position and mobility before and after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomies and neuromuscular rehabilitation. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1991;6:97-104.
  97. Egyedi P, Houwing M, Juten E. The oblique subcondylar osteotomy: report of results of 100 cases. J Oral Surg 1981;39:871-3.
  98. Choi YS, Jung HD, Kim SY, Park HS, Jung YS. Remodelling pattern of the ramus on submentovertex cephalographs after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013;51:e259-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2013.08.003
  99. Jung HD, Jung YS, Park JH, Park HS. Recovery pattern of mandibular movement by active physical therapy after bilateral transoral vertical ramus osteotomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;70:e431-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2012.02.033
  100. Ohba S, Tasaki H, Tobita T, Minamizato T, Kawasaki T, Motooka N, et al. Assessment of skeletal stability of intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy with one-day maxillary-mandibular fixation followed by early jaw exercise. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013;41:586-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2012.11.032
  101. Mendez-Manjon I, Guijarro-Martinez R, Valls-Ontanon A, Hernandez-Alfaro F. Early changes in condylar position after mandibular advancement: a three-dimensional analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:787-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.01.002
  102. Lindboe CF, Platou CS. Disuse atrophy of human skeletal muscle. An enzyme histochemical study. Acta Neuropathol 1982;56:241-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00691253
  103. MacDougall JD, Ward GR, Sale DG, Sutton JR. Biochemical adaptation of human skeletal muscle to heavy resistance training and immobilization. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1977;43:700-3.
  104. Kim S, Kim SY, Kim GJ, Jung HD, Jung YS. Partial necrosis of the mandibular proximal segment following transoral vertical ramus osteotomy. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2014;36:131-4. https://doi.org/10.14402/jkamprs.2014.36.3.131
  105. Van Sickels JE, Tucker MR. Management of delayed union and nonunion of maxillary osteotomies. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;48:1039-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(90)90285-A
  106. Davis CM, Gregoire CE, Steeves TW, Demsey A. Prevalence of surgical site infections following orthognathic surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;74:1199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2016.01.040
  107. Posnick JC, Choi E, Chavda A. Surgical site infections following bimaxillary orthognathic, osseous genioplasty, and intranasal surgery: a retrospective cohort study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2016.09.018. [Epub ahead of print]
  108. Turvey TA, Hall DJ, Warren DW. Alterations in nasal airway resistance following superior repositioning of the maxilla. Am J Orthod 1984;85:109-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(84)90002-2
  109. Virkkula P, Hurmerinta K, Loytonen M, Salmi T, Malmberg H, Maasilta P. Postural cephalometric analysis and nasal resistance in sleep-disordered breathing. Laryngoscope 2003;113:1166-74. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200307000-00012
  110. Kim T, Kim JY, Woo YC, Park SG, Baek CW, Kang H. Pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax after orthognathic surgery: a case report. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010;59(Suppl):S242-5. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2010.59.S.S242
  111. Choi SK, Yoon JE, Cho JW, Kim JW, Kim SJ, Kim MR. Changes of the airway space and the position of hyoid bone after mandibular set back surgery using bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy technique. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2014;36:185-91. https://doi.org/10.14402/jkamprs.2014.36.5.185
  112. Soydan SS, Bayram B, Akdeniz BS, Kayhan Z, Uckan S. Changes in difficult airway predictors following mandibular setback surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015;44:1351-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.07.002
  113. Samsoon GL, Young JR. Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study. Anaesthesia 1987;42:487-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb04039.x
  114. Stott DG. Reflex bradycardia in facial surgery. Br J Plast Surg 1989;42:595-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(89)90053-2
  115. Precious DS, Skulsky FG. Cardiac dysrhythmias complicating maxillofacial surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;19:279-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0901-5027(05)80420-5
  116. Green JG, Wood JM, Davis LF. Asystole after inadvertent intubation of the orbit. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997;55:856-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(97)90350-5
  117. Matarasso A. The oculocardiac reflex in blepharoplasty surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989;83:243-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198902000-00006
  118. Pappa H, Richardson D, Niven S. False aneurysm of the facial artery as complication of sagittal split osteotomy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2008;36:180-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2007.08.002
  119. Dediol E. Pseudoaneurysm of the facial artery as a complication of the sagittal split osteotomy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:683; author reply 683-4.
  120. Madani M, Veznedaroglu E, Pazoki A, Danesh J, Matson SL. Pseudoaneurysm of the facial artery as a late complication of bilateral sagittal split osteotomy and facial trauma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:579-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.03.021
  121. Smith KS, Heggie AA. Vomero-sphenoidal disarticulation during the Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy: report of case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995;53:465-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(95)90726-2
  122. Tomasetti BJ, Broutsas M, Gormley M, Jarrett W. Lack of tearing after Le Fort I osteotomy. J Oral Surg 1976;34:1095-7.
  123. Lanigan DT, Romanchuk K, Olson CK. Ophthalmic complications associated with orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993;51:480-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(10)80502-6
  124. Camargo IB, Van Sickels JE, Laureano Filho JR, Cunningham LL. Root contact with maxillomandibular fixation screws in orthognathic surgery: incidence and consequences. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:980-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.02.015
  125. Lee UL, Lee EJ, Seo HY, Han SH, Choi WC, Choi YJ. Prevalence and risk factors of tooth discolouration after orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study of 1455 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:1464-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.05.018
  126. Beshkar M, Hasheminasab M, Mohammadi F. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo as a complication of orthognathic surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013;41:59-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2012.05.012
  127. Sammartino G, Mariniello M, Scaravilli MS. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo following closed sinus floor elevation procedure: mallet osteotomes vs. screwable osteotomes. A triple blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011;22:669-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.01998.x
  128. Williams B, Indresano AT, O'Ryan F. Venous thromboembolism in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;69:840-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2010.11.025
  129. Forouzanfar T, Heymans MW, van Schuilenburg A, Zweegman S, Schulten EA. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a retrospective analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;39:256-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2009.10.024
  130. Park CM, Choi KY, Heo SJ, Kim JS. Unilateral otitis media with effusion caused by retained surgical gauze as an unintended iatrogenic complication of orthognathic surgery: case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014;52:e39-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.04.014
  131. Lee KH, Lee SH. A clinical study of orthognathic surgery patients' satisfaction and psychologic change. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999;25:151-64.
  132. Seol YS, Son WS, Park SB, Kim SS, Kim JR. Changes of selfconcept by orthognathic surgery in the patients of skeletal class III malocclusion. J Korean Assoc Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;30:370-9.
  133. Lee JY, Kim YK, Yun PY. Evaluation of the patients' subjective satisfaction about the orthognathic surgery. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;35:94-100.
  134. Ryan FS, Moles DR, Shute JT, Clarke A, Cunningham SJ. Social anxiety in orthognathic patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.05.021
  135. Brunault P, Battini J, Potard C, Jonas C, Zagala-Bouquillon B, Chabut A, et al. Orthognathic surgery improves quality of life and depression, but not anxiety, and patients with higher preoperative depression scores improve less. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:26-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.07.020
  136. Baherimoghaddam T, Tabrizi R, Naseri N, Pouzesh A, Oshagh M, Torkan S. Assessment of the changes in quality of life of patients with class II and III deformities during and after orthodonticsurgical treatment. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:476-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.10.019
  137. Kurabe K, Kojima T, Kato Y, Saito I, Kobayashi T. Impact of orthognathic surgery on oral health-related quality of life in patients with jaw deformities. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:1513-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.07.003
  138. Phillips C, Brookes CD, Rich J, Arbon J, Turvey TA. Postoperative nausea and vomiting following orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015;44:745-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.01.006
  139. Ishiguro K, Kobayashi T, Kitamura N, Saito C. Relationship between severity of sleep-disordered breathing and craniofacial morphology in Japanese male patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;107:343-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.08.021
  140. Hasebe D, Kobayashi T, Hasegawa M, Iwamoto T, Kato K, Izumi N, et al. Changes in oropharyngeal airway and respiratory function during sleep after orthognathic surgery in patients with mandibular prognathism. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;40:584-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2011.01.011
  141. Degerliyurt K, Ueki K, Hashiba Y, Marukawa K, Nakagawa K, Yamamoto E. A comparative CT evaluation of pharyngeal airway changes in class III patients receiving bimaxillary surgery or mandibular setback surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008;105:495-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.11.012
  142. Gu G, Gu G, Nagata J, Suto M, Anraku Y, Nakamura K, et al. Hyoid position, pharyngeal airway and head posture in relation to relapse after the mandibular setback in skeletal Class III. Clin Orthod Res 2000;3:67-77. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0544.2000.030203.x
  143. Kitagawara K, Kobayashi T, Goto H, Yokobayashi T, Kitamura N, Saito C. Effects of mandibular setback surgery on oropharyngeal airway and arterial oxygen saturation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;37:328-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2007.12.005
  144. Yaghmaei M, Ghoujeghi A, Sadeghinejad A, Aberoumand D, Seifi M, Saffarshahroudi A. Auditory changes in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;38:1148-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2009.06.002
  145. Bayram B, Deniz K, Aydin E, Uckan S. Is auditory function affected after Le Fort I osteotomy? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;41:709-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2012.01.011
  146. Panula K, Finne K, Oikarinen K. Incidence of complications and problems related to orthognathic surgery: a review of 655 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;59:1128-36. https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2001.26704
  147. Hwang JM, Min BM, Park SC, Oh SY, Sung NK. A randomized comparison of prism adaptation and augmented surgery in the surgical management of esotropia associated with hypermetropia: one-year surgical outcomes. J AAPOS 2001;5:31-4. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpa.2001.111782

Cited by

  1. Pain Complaints in Patients Undergoing Orthognathic Surgery vol.2018, pp.None, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4235025
  2. The outcome of skeletofacial reconstruction with mandibular rotation for management of asymmetric skeletal class III deformity: A three-dimensional computer-assisted investigation vol.9, pp.None, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49946-9
  3. Laryngeal granulomas in patients after two-jaw surgery - Four cases report - vol.14, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.17085/apm.2019.14.4.489
  4. Complications in orthognathic surgery: A retrospective study of 5025 cases vol.17, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2019.08.016
  5. Ultrasound-guided maxillary nerve block: an anatomical study using the suprazygomatic approach vol.67, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-019-01481-x
  6. Anteroposterior skeletofacial classification and its relationship to maxillary second molar buccopalatal angulation vol.90, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.2319/121719-809.1
  7. Pediatric Orthognathic Surgery: National Analysis of Perioperative Complications vol.32, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000007843
  8. Implant prosthetics planning in anterior maxillary defects in deep bite cases vol.9, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4103/injo.injo_6_21
  9. Efficacy of Distraction Osteogenesis in Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Secondary to Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis vol.16, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10069-0071
  10. Administration of Steroids Is Associated With Increased Length of Stay But Not Post-Operative Complications or Readmissions in Patients Undergoing Orthognathic Surgery vol.2, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1177/2732501620985738
  11. Correction of Condylar Displacement of the Mandible Using Early Screw Removal following Patient-Customized Orthognathic Surgery vol.10, pp.8, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081597
  12. Analysis of the Complications in Patients Undergoing Orthognathic Surgery by Piezosurgery®: A 13 Years Retrospective Study vol.11, pp.9, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094271
  13. Complications after mandibular setback with intraoral vertical ramus osteotomies: a retrospective cohort analysis of 133 patients vol.131, pp.6, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2021.01.008
  14. Pain in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Implant Dentistry: Types and Management vol.15, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1725212
  15. Relapse and temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) as postoperative complication in skeletal class III patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery: A systematic review vol.11, pp.4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.06.003
  16. Relapse and temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) as postoperative complication in skeletal class III patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery: A systematic review vol.11, pp.4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.06.003