The Plant Pathology Journal

The Korean Society of Plant Pathology (한국식물병리학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Incidence of Alternaria Species Associated with Infected Sesamum indicum L. Seeds from Fields of the Punjab, Pakistan

  • Nayyar, Brian Gagosh (Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University) ;
  • Woodward, Steve (Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen) ;
  • Mur, Luis A.J. (Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Aberystwyth University) ;
  • Akram, Abida (Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University) ;
  • Arshad, Muhammad (Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University) ;
  • Naqvi, S.M. Saqlan (Department of Biochemistry, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University) ;
  • Akhund, Shaista (Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University)
  • Received : 2017.04.10
  • Accepted : 2017.07.23
  • Published : 2017.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is an important oil seed crop of Asia. Yields can be negatively impacted by various factors, including disease, particularly those caused by fungi which create problems in both production and storage. Foliar diseases of sesame such as Alternaria leaf blight may cause significant yield losses, with reductions in plant health and seed quality. The work reported here determined the incidence of Alternaria species infecting sesame seeds grown in the Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 428 Alternaria isolates were obtained from 105 seed samples and grouped into 36 distinct taxonomic groups based on growth pattern and morphological characters. Isolation frequency and relative density of surface sterilized and non-surface sterilized seeds showed that three isolates (A13, A47 and A215) were the most common morphological groups present. These isolates were further identified using sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the Alternaria major allergen gene (Alt a 1). Whilst ITS of rDNA did not resolve the isolates into Alternaria species, the Alt a 1 sequences exhibited > 99% homology with Alternaria alternata (KP123850.1) in GenBank accessions. The pathogenicity and virulence of these isolates of Alternaria alternata was confirmed in inoculations of sesame plants resulting in typical symptoms of leaf blight disease. This work confirms the identity of a major source of sesame leaf blight in Pakistan which will aid in formulating effective disease management strategies.

Keywords

References

  1. Ashri, A. 2007. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). In: Genetic resources, chromosomes engineering, and crop improvement, Volume 4, ed. by R. J. Singh, pp. 231-289. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
  2. Ashri, A. 1998. Sesame Breeding. In: Plant breeding reviews, Volume 16, ed. by J. Janick, pp. 179-228. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Oxford, UK.
  3. Blaalid, R., Kumar, S., Nilsson, R. H., Abarenkov, K., Kirk, P. M. and Kauserud, H. 2013. ITS1 versus ITS2 as DNA metabarcodes for fungi. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 13:218-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12065
  4. Chohan, J. S. 1978. Diseases of oil seed crops, future plans and strategy for control under small holdings. Indian Phytopathol. 31:1-15.
  5. Conn, K. L. and Tewari, J. P. 1990. Survey of Alternaria blackspot and Sclerotinia stem rot in central Alberta in 1989. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 70:66-67.
  6. Ellis, M. B. 1971. Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, UK. 608 pp.
  7. Ellis, M. B. 1976. More dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, UK. 507 pp.
  8. Enikuomehin, O. A., Olowe, V. I. O., Alao, O. S. and Atayese, M. O. 2002. Assessment of Cercospora leaf spot disease of sesame in different planting dates in South-Western, Nigeria. Moor J. Agric. Res. 3:76-82.
  9. FAO. 2014. FAOSTAT databases. URL http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/.
  10. Farhan, H. N., Abdullah, B. H. and Hameed, A. T. 2010. The biological activity of bacterial vaccine of Pseudomonas putida 2 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 3 isolates to protect sesame crop (Sesamum indicum) from Fusarium fungi under field conditions. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am. 1:803-811. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2010.1.5.803.811
  11. Grubben, G. J. H. and Denton, O. A. 2004. Plant resources of tropical Africa 2: vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands. 668 pp.
  12. Guo-yin, T., Zhi-ling, Y., Zhi-lin, Y. and Shou-an, Z. 2013. Morphological, molecular and pathogenic characterization of Alternaria longipes, the fungal pathogen causing leaf spot on Atractylodes macrocephala. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 7:2589-2595. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.2091
  13. Hong, S. G., Cramer, R. A., Lawrence, C. B. and Pryor, B. M. 2005a. Alt a 1 allergen homologs from Alternaria and related taxa: analysis of phylogenetic content and secondary structure. Fungal Genet. Biol. 42:119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2004.10.009
  14. Hong, S. G., Liu, D. and Pryor, B. M. 2005b. Restriction mapping of the IGS region in Alternaria spp. reveals variable and conserved domains. Mycol. Res. 109:87-95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204001388
  15. Jaiswal, S., Saini, R., Sangani, S. R., Tiwari, S., Agrawal, M. and Agrawal, M. K. 2012. Antibacterial activity of five fungal strains isolated from a leguminous soil field against nitrogenfixing bacteria. Ann. Biol. Res. 3:2829-2837.
  16. Jalander, V. and Gachande, B. D. 2012. Effect of fungal metabolites of some rhizosphere soil fungi on seed germination and seedling growth of some pulses and cereals. Sci. Res. Repot. 2:265-267.
  17. Johnson, L. A., Suleiman, T. M. and Lusas, E. W. 1979. Sesame protein: a review and prospectus. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 56:463-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02671542
  18. Kahyaoglu, T. and Kaya, S. 2006. Modeling of moisture, color and texture changes in sesame seeds during the conventional roasting. J. Food Eng. 75:167-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.04.011
  19. Kolte, S. J. 1985. Diseases of annual edible oil seed crops. In: Rapeseed, mustard, safflower and sesame diseases, pp. 221-232. CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
  20. Kumar, V., Haldar, S., Pandey, K. K., Singh, R. P., Singh, A. K. and Singh, P. C. 2008. Cultural, morphological, pathogenic and molecular variability amongst tomato isolates of Alternaria solani in India. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24: 1003-1009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9568-3
  21. Kumar, S., Stecher, G. and Tamura, K. 2016. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 33:1870-1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
  22. Lubaina, A. S. and Murugan, K. 2013. Physiological and biochemical characterization of Senna alata (L.) Roxb. leaf extract - a plant based fungicide against Alternaria leaf spot in sesame. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2:5790-5801.
  23. Maraite, H., Di Zinno, T., Longree, H., Daumerie, V. and Duveiller, E. 1998. Fungi associated with foliar blight of wheat in warm areas. In: Helminthosporium blights of wheat: spot blotch and tan spot, eds. by E. Duveiller, H. H. Dubin, J. Reeves and A. McNab, pp. 293-300. CIMMYT, Mexico.
  24. Mbah, M. C. and Akueshi, C. O. 2000. Effect of seed borne fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger on the germinability of sesame seeds. Niger. J. Hort. Soc. 4:57-64.
  25. Mbah, M. C. and Akueshi, C. O. 2001. Some physico-chemical changes induced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger on Sesamum indicum and Sesamum radiatum. J. Sci. Agric. Food Technol. Environ. 1:65-69.
  26. Misaghi, I. J., Grogan, R. G., Duniway, J. M. and Kimble, K. A. 1978. Influence of environment and culture media on spore morphology of Alternaria alternata. Phytopathology 68:29-34. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-68-29
  27. Naik, M. K., Patil, R. G., Suvarna and Ajithkumar, K. 2004. Yield loss model and blight prediction model in Alternaria blight of sesame. Indian Phytopathology 57:106 (Abstract).
  28. Obiajunwa, E. I., Adebiyi, F. M. and Omode, P. E. 2005. Determination of essential minerals and trace elements in Nigerian sesame seeds, using TXRF Technique. Pak. J. Nutr. 4:393-395. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2005.393.395
  29. Ojiambo, P. S. 1997. Cultural studies and epidemiology of Alternariasesami and significance of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed transmission and plant age on Alternaria leaf spot severity. M.Sc. thesis. University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. 111 pp.
  30. Pastorello, A. E., Varin, E., Farioli, L., Pravettoni, V., Ortolani, C., Trambaioli, C., Fortunato, D., Giuffrida, M. G., Rivolta, F., Robino, A., Calamari, A. M., Lacava, L. and Conti, A. 2001. The major allergen of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) is a 2S albumin. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 756:85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(01)00073-1
  31. Paul, N. C., Deng, J. X., Lee, H. B. and Yu, S. H. 2015. Characterization and pathogenicity of Alternaria burnsii from seeds of Cucurbita maxima (Cucurbitaceae) in Bangladesh. Mycobiology 43:384-391. https://doi.org/10.5941/MYCO.2015.43.4.384
  32. Pryor, B. M. and Gilbertson, R. L. 2000. Molecular phylogenetic relationship amongst Alternaria species and related fungi based upon analysis of nuclear ITS and mt SSU rDNA sequences. Mycol. Res. 104:1312-1321 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756200003002
  33. Pryor, B. M. and Michailides, T. J. 2002. Morphological, pathogenic, and molecular characterization of Alternaria isolates associated with Alternaria late blight of pistachio. Phytopathology 92:406-416. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.4.406
  34. Quayyum, H. A., Dobinson, K. F. and Traquair, J. A. 2005. Conidial morphology, virulence, molecular characterization, and host-parasite interactions of selected Alternaria panax isolates on American ginseng. Can. J. Bot. 83:1133-1143. https://doi.org/10.1139/b05-086
  35. Rao, N. R. and Vijayalakshmi, M. 2000. Studies on Alternaria sesami pathogenic to sesame. Microbiol. Res. 155:129-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-5013(00)80048-8
  36. Richardson, M. J. 1979. An annotated list of seed borne diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland. 320 pp.
  37. Roberts, R. G., Reymond, S. T. and Andersen, B. 2000. RAPD fragment pattern analysis and morphological segregation of small-spored Alternaria species and species groups. Mycol. Res. 104:151-160. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756299001690
  38. Saha, D., Fetzner, R., Burkhardt, B., Podlech, J., Metzler, M., Dang, H., Lawrence, C. and Fischer, R. 2012. Identification of a polyketide synthase required for alternariol (AOH) and alternariol-9-methyl ether (AME) formation in Alternaria alternata. PLoS One 7:e40564. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040564
  39. Schrader, T. J., Cherry, W., Soper, K., Langlois, I. and Vijay, H. M. 2001. Examination of Alternaria alternata mutagenicity and effects of nitrosylation using the Ames Salmonella Test. Teratog., Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:261-274. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcm.1014
  40. Shahidi, F., Liyana-Pathirana, C. M. and Wall, D. S. 2006. Antioxidant activity of white and black sesame seeds and their hull fractions. Food Chem. 99:478-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.08.009
  41. Shipunov, A., Newcombe, G., Raghavendra, A. K. and Anderson, C. L. 2008. Hidden diversity of endophytic fungi in an invasive plant. Am. J. Bot. 95:1096-1108. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800024
  42. Shoaib, A., Akhtar, N., Akhtar, S. and Hafeez, R. 2014. First report of Alternaria longipes causing leaf spot of potato cultivar sante in Pakistan. Plant Dis. 98:1742.
  43. Simmons, E. G. 2007. An identification manual. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands. 775 pp.
  44. Simmons, E. G. 1992. Alternaria taxonomy: current status, viewpoint, challenge. In: Alternaria biology, plant diseases and metabolites, eds. by J. Chelkowski and A. Visconti, pp. 1-35. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  45. Singleton, L. L., Mihail, J. D. and Rush, C. M. 1993. Methods for research on soil borne phytopathogenic fungi. 2nd ed. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. 266 pp.
  46. Skora, J., Otlewska, A., Gutarowska, B., Leszczynska, J., Majak, I. and Stepien, L. 2015. Production of the allergenic protein Alt a 1 by Alternaria isolates from working environments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12:2164-2183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120202164
  47. Tamura, K. and Nei, M. 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 10:512-526.
  48. The Financial Daily. 2017. An open sesame. URL http://www.thefinancialdaily.com/NewsSearchResult/NewsSearchDetail.aspx?NewsId=89195/ [10 April 2017].
  49. Thomma, B. P. 2003. Alternaria spp.: from general saprophyte to specific parasite. Mol. Plant Pathol. 4:225-236. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00173.x
  50. Valkonen, J. P. T. and Koponen, H. 1990. The seed-borne fungi of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis), their pathogenicity and control. Plant Pathol. 39:510-516. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1990.tb02527.x
  51. White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. and Taylor, J. W. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications, eds. by M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky and T. J. White, pp. 315-322. Academic Press, Inc., New York, USA.
  52. Zhao, B., Yan, J., Zhang, S., Liu, X. and Gao, Z. 2014. Phylogeny and pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. isolated from greenhouse melon soil in Liaoning Province. Sau di J. Biol. Sci. 21:374-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.10.004
  53. Zhao, J., Bao, S., Ma, G. and Wu, X. 2016. Characterization of Alternaria species associated with muskmelon foliar diseases in Beijing municipality of China. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 82:29-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-015-0631-x
  54. Zur, G., Shimoni, E., Hallerman, E. and Kashi, Y. 2002. Detection of Alternaria fungal contamination in cereal grains by a polymerase chain reaction-based assay. J. Food Prot. 65:1433-1440. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-65.9.1433