DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Study on the Difference of Urine Sediment Preparation for Microscopic Examination

현미경검사를 위한 요침사 표본제작에 따른 차이 연구

  • Lee, Hyeok-Jae (Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Gwangju Health University) ;
  • Park, Chul (Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Gwangyang Health College) ;
  • Seo, Min-Young (Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Gwangju Health University)
  • 이혁재 (광주보건대학교 임상병리과) ;
  • 박철 (광양보건대학교 임상병리과) ;
  • 서민영 (광주보건대학교 임상병리과)
  • Received : 2017.10.18
  • Accepted : 2017.10.26
  • Published : 2017.12.31

Abstract

Urinalysis is considered to be easier and simpler than other tests. It has been known to cause no burden to patients, while offering important information on diagnosing, treating, and determining the prognoses of kidney and urinary tract diseases. Urinary sediments are usually performed by microscopic examination of centrifuged urine by technologist. The guidelines proposed by the Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service are actually different from those actually practiced by medical institutions and taught to biomedical students in textbooks. Therefore, we verified whether different sediment preparation methods lead different test results. Specimens that tested positive from the occult blood and leukocyte esterase in the urine dipstick test were randomly selected for a microscopic examination. The differences in the urine sediment preparation affected the sediment concentrations, which influenced the cell grade and cell number per HPF. The first factor in determining the sediment concentration is the centrifugal force. Many medical institutions use 1,500 rpm as the centrifugal speed without considering the radius of the centrifuge; such a value may not be accurate for 400 G. Consequently, there were differences in urine concentrations, which influenced the results. The second factor is the amount of sediment in urine. Different amounts of the remaining supernatant led to different sediment concentration factors, again, causing different results. Furthermore, not only by using a pipette to obtain an accurate amount as stipulated, but also by roughly obtaining a drop, the microscopic examination using such a volume of sediment examined affected the results. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of standardization of urine sediment preparation procedures to promote consistency and accuracy across institutions.

소변검사는 다른 검사에 비해 쉽고 간편하면서도 환자에게 부담이 없는 검사로 신장 및 요로계 질환의 진단, 치료 및 예후 결정에 중요한 정보를 제공한다. 요 침전물은 일반적으로 원심분리된 소변을 검사자가 현미경을 통한 검경에 의해 이루어진다. 대한임상검사정도관리협회에서 제안한 가이드라인과 실제로 의료기관에서 시행되고 있는 내용이 다르고 임상병리학을 전공하는 학생들이 사용하고 있는 서적에 제시된 내용도 서로 차이가 있었다. 따라서 요 침전물 표본제작에 따른 차이가 검사결과에 영향을 주는지 확인하기 위하여. 요시험지봉검사에서 잠혈반응과 백혈구 에스터라아제 검사 결과 양성으로 확인된 검체를 무작위로 선별하여 현미경적 검사를 시행하였다. 요 침전물 표본제작 차이는 요 농축 배수에 영향을 주어 cell grade나 시야 당 평균 세포 수 결과에 영향을 미쳤다. 침전물의 농도를 결정짓는 첫 번째 요소는 원심력이다. 그러나 많은 의료기관에서 원심분리기 반경을 고려하지 않는 채 1,500 rpm을 사용하고 있었으며 이는 400 G라는 정확한 원심력을 얻을 수 없었다. 결과적으로 요 농축에 있어 차이가 발생하여 결과에도 영향을 미쳤다. 두 번째 요소는 요 침사물의 양이다. 제거하고 남은 요의 상청액의 양은 요 침사물의 농축 계수에 영향을 주어 다른 결과를 초래하였다. 뿐만 아니라 피펫을 사용하여 제시된 정확한 용량을 취하지 않고 대략적으로 한 방울을 떨어뜨린 후 경검했을 때도 결과에 영향을 주었다. 따라서 일관성 있고 보다 정확한 검사결과를 위해 반드시 표본제작 과정이 표준화가 되어야 할 것이다.

Keywords

References

  1. Kim KD. Urinalysis and body fluid analysis. Korean society for laboratory medicine, Laboratory Medicine. 5th ed. Seoul: E-public; 2014. Chap 497-508.
  2. Shin SY, Kwon MJ, Woo HY, Park HS, Kim YJ. Preliminary evaluation of the URISCAN SUPER and usefulness of a new urine reagent strip to detect ascorbic acid. J Lab Med Qual Assur. 2011;33(2):63-69.
  3. Tae-Hee Han. Urinalysis: The usefulness and limitations of urine dipstick testing. J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol. 2013; 17(2):42-48. https://doi.org/10.3339/jkspn.2013.17.2.42
  4. Fuller CE, Threatte GA, Henry JB. Basic examination of urine. In: Henry JB, ed. Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 20th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2001. Chap 367-402.
  5. Hemmelgarn BR, Manns BJ, LIoyd A, James MT, Klarenbach S, Quinn RR, et al. Relation between kidney function, proteinuria and adverse outcomes. JAMA. 2010;303(5):423-429. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.39
  6. Huussen J, Koene RA, Hilbrands LB. The urinary sediment a simple and useful diagnostic tool in patients with haematuria. Neth J Med. 2004;62(1):4-9.
  7. Simerville JA, Maxted WC, Pahira JJ. Urinalysis: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71(6):1153-1162.
  8. Ben-Ezra J, Bork L, McPherson RA. Evaluation of the sysmex UF-100 automated urinalysis analyzer. Clin Chem. 1998;44(1): 92-95.
  9. Winkel P, Statland BE, Jorgensen K. Urine microscopy an ill-defined method, examined by a multifactorial technique. Clin Chem. 1974;20(4):436-439.
  10. Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, Kestner J, Rawe M, Ruddel M, Nishi HH. Comparison of automated and manual methods for urinalysis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1986;86(6):731-737. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/86.6.731
  11. Jeon CH, Lee AJ, Kim KY. Annual report on external quality assessment scheme for urinalysis and faecal occult blood testing in Korea (2014). J Lab Med Qual Assur. 2015;37(4):179-189. https://doi.org/10.15263/jlmqa.2015.37.4.179
  12. Lee AJ, Jeon CH, Kim SG, Suh HS, Bae YC. Comparison of analytical performance between the sysmex UF-100 flow cytometer and the Iris IQ200 urine microscopy system. J Lab Med Qual Assur. 2010;32(1):181-188.
  13. Kim KD, Koo SH, Kim EC, Kim JM, Kim CH, Kim JQ, et al. Annual report on external quality assessment in urinalysis in korea (1998). J Clin Pathol & Quality Control. 1999;21(1): 81-93.
  14. Kim JQ , Kim DC, Jo SS. The present situation of quality assurance of urinalysis including urinary sediment analysis based on korean external quality assurance survey and its prospective. J Clin Pathol & Quality Control. 2000;22(2):265-270.
  15. Kim DC, Yoo YM, Jo SS, Park JW, Yoo YM, Kim JQ. Laboratory evaluation of fully automated urine cell analyzer sysmex UF-100. J Clin Pathol & Quality Control. 2001;23(2):299-306.
  16. Koken T, Aktepe OC, Serteser M, Samli M, Kahraman A, Dogan N. Determination of cut-off values for leucocytes and bacteria for urine flow cytometer (UF-100) in urinary tract infections. Int Urol Nephrol. 2002;34(2):175-178. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023292113462