DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Impact of urbanization and industrialization on irrigation water quality of a canal - a case study of Tongi canal, Bangladesh

  • Zakir, H.M. (Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University) ;
  • Islam, Md. Mahidul (Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University) ;
  • Hossain, Md. Sohrab (Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University)
  • Received : 2016.01.02
  • Accepted : 2016.09.30
  • Published : 2016.06.25

Abstract

The Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Tongi canal is situated on the north of the city, which connected the Turag river to the west and the Balu river to the east. A total of 26 water samples were collected from the canal to measure irrigation water quality on the basis of their trace metal and major ionic constituents. Trace metals concentrations in water samples were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The amount of Fe, Mn, Zn and Pb in water samples ranged from 0.01-0.80, trace-1.02, trace-0.054 and $0.43-0.64{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$, respectively. The mean concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, K, $HCO_3{^-}$, $Cl^-$, $BO{_3}^{3-}$, $PO{_4}^{3-}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ in water samples were 45.32, 15.33, 151.65, 11.98, 516.06, 94.69, 0.33, 14.02 and $56.21{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$, respectively. In respect of $HCO_3{^-}$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $PO{_4}^{3-}$ and K contents, most of the water samples were found problematic for irrigation. In context of RSC and hardness, 96 and 92% of water samples were graded as unsuitable and hard class, respectively. The study concluded that Pb content in canal water was comparatively high, so it is desirable to take necessary initiative to minimize the contamination level and to monitor its concentration in water routinely.

Keywords

References

  1. ADB (Asian Development Bank) (1994), Training Manual for Environmental Monitoring, Engineering Science Inc., USA.
  2. Agarwal, R.R., Yadav, J.P. and Gupta, R.N. (1982), Saline and Alkali Soils of India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India.
  3. APHA (American Public Health Association) (1995), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, (19th Edition), Washington DC, USA.
  4. Appelo, C.A.J. and Postma, D. (1993), Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution. A.A. Balkema Publisher, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
  5. Ayers, R.S. and Westcot, D.W. (1985), Water Quality for Agriculture, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 29(1), 4096.
  6. Bakali, B., Md. Younus Mia and Zakir, H.M. (2014), "Water quality evaluation of tongi area in bangladesh: an impact of industrialization", J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci., 4(2), 1735-1752.
  7. Berner, E.K. and Berner, R.A. (1987), The Global Water Cycle: Geo-chemistry and Environment, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
  8. Bhattacharyya, Krishna G. and Mahanta, Mayur J. (2014), "Accumulation of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in urban soil and their mobility characteristics", Adv. Environ. Res., 3(4), 321-335. https://doi.org/10.12989/aer.2014.3.4.321
  9. Devi, Upama and Bhattacharyya, Krishna G. (2013), "Trace elements in the rainwater runoff of the urban catchment of Guwahati, India", Adv. Environ. Res., 2(2), 99-118. https://doi.org/10.12989/aer.2013.2.2.099
  10. DoE (Department of Environment). (2005), Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Bangladesh. http://www.moef.gov.bd/
  11. Freeze, A.R. and Cherry, J.A. (1979) Groundwater, Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
  12. Ghosh, A.B., Bajaj, J.C., Hasan, R. and Singh, D. (1983), Soil and Water Testing Methods: A Laboratory Manual, Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IARI, New Delhi, India.
  13. Gibeault, V.A. and Cockerham, S.T. (1985), Turfgrass, Water Conservation, ANR Publications, University of California.
  14. Huq, S.M.I. and Alam, M.D. (2005), A Handbook on Analysis of Soil, Plant and Water, BACER-DU, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
  15. Jaquet, J.M., Davaud, E., Rapin, F. and Vernet, J.P. (1982), "Concept and associated statistical methodology in geochemical study of lake sediments", Hydrobiologia, 91, 139-146.
  16. Karanth, K.R. (1994), Ground Water Assessment Development and Management, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, India.
  17. Khan, A.S. (2012), "Augmentation of Buriganga dry season flows", Proceedings of the 15th International River Symposium. Rivers in a Rapidly Urbanizing World, Melbourne, Australia, October.
  18. Kuranchie-Mensah, H., Osei, J., Atiemo, S.M., Nyarko, B.J.B., Osae, S.K., Laar, C., Ackah, M., Buah-Kwofie, A., Blankson-Arthur, S. and Adeti, P.J. (2013), "Heavy metal assessment of marine sediment in selected coastal districts of the Western region, China", Adv. Environ. Res., 2(2), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.12989/aer.2013.2.2.155
  19. Meade, J.W. (1998), Aquaculture Management, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, India.
  20. Mohiuddin, K.M., Ogawa, Y., Zakir, H.M., Otomo, K. and Shikazono, N. (2011), "Heavy metal contamination in water and sediments of polluted urban rivers in developing countries", Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 8(4), 723-736. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326257
  21. Moingt, M., Lucotte, M., Paquet, S. and Beaulne, J.-S. (2013), "The influence of anthropogenic disturbances and watershed morphological characteristics on Hg dynamics in Northern Quebec large boreal lakes", Adv. Environ. Res., 2(2), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.12989/aer.2013.2.2.081
  22. Pan, J., Zhang, X., Ju, Y. and Zhao, Y. (2013), "Stable isotope and water quality analysis of coal bed methane produced water in the southern Qinshui Basin, China", Membrane Water Treat., 4(4), 265-275. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2013.4.4.265
  23. Paul, W. (2011), "Impact of industrial effluents on water quality of receiving streams in Nakawa-Ntinda, Uganda", MS Dissertation. Dept. of Environment & Natural Resources, Makerere University, Uganda.
  24. Raghunath, H.M. (1987), Ground Water, (2nd Edition), K.K. Gupta, New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi-110002, India.
  25. Rahman, A.K.M.L., Islam, M., Hossain, M.Z. and Ahsan, M.A. (2012), "Study of the seasonal variations in Turag river water quality parameters", Afr. J. Pure Appl. Chem., 6(10), 144-148.
  26. Rao, B.K., Panchaksharjah, S., Patil, B.N., Narayana, A. and Kaiker, D.L.S. (1982), "Chemical composition of irrigation waters from selected parts of Bijpur district, Karnataka", Mysore J. Agril. Sci., 16(4), 426-432.
  27. Richards, L.A. (1968), Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkaline Soils, Agricultural Handbook 60, USDA, Oxford and IBH Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, India.
  28. Saleh, A., Al-Ruwaih, F. and Shehata, M. (1999), "Hydrogeochemical processes operating within the main aquifers of Kuwait", J. Arid Environ., 42(3), 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1999.0511
  29. Satter, M.A. and Islam, M.S. (2005), "Quality assessment of river water around Dhaka city", Bangladesh J. Environ. Sci., 10, 326-329.
  30. Sawyer, C.N. and McCarty, P.L. (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary Engineers, McGraw Hill, New York, USA.
  31. Shikazono, N., Tatewaki, K., Mohiuddin, K.M., Nakano, T. and Zakir, H.M. (2012), "Sources, spatial variation and speciation of heavy metals in sediments of the Tamagawa river in Central Japan", Environ.l Geochem. Hlth., 34(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-011-9409-z
  32. Shikazono, N., Zakir, H.M. and Sudo, Y. (2008), "Zinc contamination in river water and sediments at Taisyu Zn-Pb mine area, Tsushima Island, Japan", J. Geochem. Explor., 98(3), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2007.12.002
  33. Sincero Sr, A.P. and Sincero, G.A. (2004), Environmental Engineering: A Design Approach, Prentice-Hall of India Private Ltd, New Delhi, India.
  34. Singh, A.K., Mahato, M.K., Neogi, B. and Singh, K.K. (2010), "Quality assessment of mine water in the Raniganj coalfield area, India", Mine Water Environ., 29, 248-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-010-0108-2
  35. Singh, A.K., Mondal, G.C., Kumar, S., Singh, T.B., Tewary, B.K. and Sinha, A. (2009), "Major ion chemistry, weathering processes and water quality assessment in upper catchment of Damodar River basin, India", Environ. Geol., 54(4), 745-758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0860-1
  36. Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaraghavan, K., Vasanthavigar, M., Sarma, V.S. Rajivgandhi, R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P. and Manivannan, R. (2011), "Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Mettur region, Tamilnadu, India using drastic and GIS techniques", Arab. J. Geosci., 4(7-8), 1215-1228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0138-x
  37. Todd, D.K. (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, (2nd Edition), John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, USA.
  38. US EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1999), "Screening level ecological risk assessment protocol for hazardous waste combustion facilities" Appendix E: Toxicity Reference Values, 3, EPA530-D99-001C.
  39. WHO (World Health Organization) (2008), Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, 1(3), 515.
  40. Wilcox, L.V. (1955), Classification and Use of Irrigation Water, Circular No. 969, Washington, USA.
  41. Zakir, H.M. and Shikazono, N. (2008), "Metal fractionation in sediments: a comparative assessment of four sequential extraction schemes", J. Environ. Sci. Sustainable Soc., 2, 01-12. https://doi.org/10.3107/jesss.2.1
  42. Zakir, H.M. and Shikazono, N. (2011), "Environmental mobility and geochemical partitioning of Fe, Mn, Co, Ni and Mo in sediments of an urban river", J. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol., 3(5), 116-126.
  43. Zakir, H.M., Moshfiqur Rahman, M., Rahman, A., Ahmed, I. and Hossain, M.A. (2012), "Heavy metals and major ionic pollution assessment in waters of midstream of the river Karatoa in Bangladesh", J. Environ. Sci. Natural Resources, 5(2), 149-160.
  44. Zakir, H.M., Nahid Sultana and Mousumi Akter. (2014), "Heavy metal contamination in roadside soils and grasses: A case study from Dhaka City, Bangladesh", J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci., 4(2), 1661-1673.
  45. Zakir, H.M., Nazmul Hasan, M., Quadir, Q.F., Sharmin, S. and Istiaq Ahmed (2013), "Cadmium and lead pollution in sediments of midstream of the river Karatoa in Bangladesh", Int. J. Eng. Sci., 2(2), 34-42.
  46. Zakir, H.M., Sattar, M.A. and Quadir, Q.F. (2015), "Cadmium pollution and irrigation water quality assessment of an urban river: a case study of the Mayur river, Khulna, Bangladesh", J. Chem. Bio. Phys. Sci., 5(2), 2133-2149.

Cited by

  1. Assessment of seasonal variations in water quality of Brahmani river using PCA vol.6, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/aer.2017.6.1.053
  2. Water quality of an Indian tributary affected by various industrial effluents- a case study vol.9, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/aer.2020.9.1.041
  3. Urban river pollution in Bangladesh during last 40 years: potential public health and ecological risk, present policy, and future prospects toward smart water management vol.7, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06107
  4. Accumulation of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) irrigated with wastewater: a systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilis vol.28, pp.11, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12105-z
  5. Geochemical evaluation of groundwater quality of Peshawar Basin, Pakistan vol.10, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/aer.2021.10.1.043
  6. Impact of Industrial Waste on Natural Resources: A Review in the Context of Bangladesh vol.16, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.2.03
  7. The role of effluent water irrigation in the mineral absorption of aerobic rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) vol.49, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-020-00117-x
  8. Impact of geology and anthropogenic activities over the water quality with emphasis on fluoride in water scarce Lalitpur district of Bundelkhand region, India vol.279, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130496