The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science (한국전자파학회논문지)

The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science (한국전자파학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Zigbee Transmitter Using a Low-Power High-Gain Up-Conversion Mixer

저 전력 고 이득 주파수 상향변환기를 이용한 Zigbee 송신기 설계

  • Baik, Seyoung (School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University) ;
  • Seo, Changwon (School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University) ;
  • Jin, Ho Jeong (School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University) ;
  • Cho, Choon Sik (School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University)
  • 백세영 (한국항공대학교 항공전자정보공학부) ;
  • 서창원 (한국항공대학교 항공전자정보공학부) ;
  • 진호정 (한국항공대학교 항공전자정보공학부) ;
  • 조춘식 (한국항공대학교 항공전자정보공학부)
  • Received : 2016.07.12
  • Accepted : 2016.09.07
  • Published : 2016.10.07
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper introduces a direct-conversion CMOS RF transmitter for the IEEE 802.15.4 standard with a low-power high-gain up-conversion mixer designed in $0.18{\mu}m$ process. The designed RF DCT(Direct Conversion Transmitter) is composed of differential DAC(Digital to Analog Converter), passive low-pass filter, quadrature active mixer and drive amplifier. The most important characteristic in designing RF DCT is to satisfy the 2.4 GHz Zigbee standard in low power. The quadrature active mixer inside the proposed RF DCT provides enough high gain as well as sufficient linearity using a gain boosting technique. The measurement results for the proposed transmitter show very low power consumption of 7.8 mA, output power more than 0 dBm and ACPR (Adjacent Channel Power Ratio) of -30 dBc.

본 논문에서는 $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS 공정을 사용한 저 전력 고 이득 주파수 상향변환기를 이용하여 IEEE 802.15.4 규격을 만족하는 직접 변환 송신기를 제안 및 설계한다. 설계된 RF 직접 변환 송신기는 차동입력 디지털-아날로그 변환기, 수동 저역통과 필터, 가변이득 증폭기, Quadrature 주파수 상향 변환기 그리고 차동 출력 구동증폭기로 구성되어 있다. 제안하는 직접변환 송신기에서 핵심적인 부분은 2.4 GHz Zigbee 규격을 저 전력으로 구동하는데 있다. 특히 Quadrature 주파수 상향변환기는 이득 Boosting을 통하여 적은 전류 소모로도 충분한 이득과 선형성을 보이고 있다. 측정결과, 공급전압 1.2 V에서 송신기의 총 소모 전류는 7.8 mA이고, 최대 출력 전력은 0 dBm 이상 그리고 -30 dBc의 ACPR(Adjacent Channel Power Ratio)을 나타내고 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. A. Ahidi, G. Pottie, and W. Kaiser, "Power-conscious design of wireless circuits and systems", Proc. IEEE, vol. 88, no. 10, pp. 1528-1545, Oct. 2000. https://doi.org/10.1109/5.888993
  2. T. -K. Nguyen, V. Krizhanovskii, J. Lee, S. -K. Han, S. G. Lee, N. -S. Kim, and C. -S. Pyo, "A low-power RF direct-conversion receiver/transmitter for 2.4 GHz-band IEEE 802.15.4 standard in 0.18-mCMOS technology", IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 4062-4071, Dec. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2006.885556
  3. W. Kluge, "A fully integrated 2.4-GHz IEEE 802.15.4-compliant transceiver for ZigBee applications", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits. vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 2767-2775, Dec. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2006.884802
  4. Y. -I. Kwon, S. -G. Park, T. -J. Park, K. -S. Cho, and H. -Y. Lee, "An ultra low-power CMOS transceiver using various low-power techniques forLR-WPAN applications", IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 324-336, Feb. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2011.2162463
  5. L. Luh, J. Choma, Jr., and J. Draper, "A high-speed fully differential current switch", IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, vol. 3, pp. 343-346, 1998.
  6. K. Wang, K. Ma, W. Ye, K. S. Yeo, H. Zhang, and Z. Wang, "Alow voltage low power highly linear CMOS quadrature mixer using transconductance cancellation technique", IEEE Int. MTT Symp. Dig., pp. 1-3, Jun. 2012.
  7. D. Markovic, L. P. Alarcon, and J. M. Rabaey, "Ultralowpower design in near threshold region", Proceedings of the IEEE, 2010.
  8. S. H. -L. Tu, S. C. -H. Chen, "A 5.26-GHz CMOS upconversion mixer for IEEE 802.11a WLAN", IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems for Communications, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 820-823, May 2008.
  9. Q. J. Gu, Z. Xu, H.-Y. Jian, B. Pan, X. Xiaojing, M-C. F. Chang, L. Wei, and H. Fetterman, "CMOS THz generator with frequency selective negative resistance tank", IEEE Trans. Terahertz Science Technol., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 193-202, Mar. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2011.2181922
  10. C. S. Aitchison, M. Mbabele, M. R. Moazzam, Dj.-Budimir, and F. Ali, "lmprovement of third order intermodulation products of RF and microwave amplifiers by injection", IEEE MTT Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vo1. 49. no. 6, pp. l148-1154, Jun. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1109/22.925508
  11. W. Cheng, "Noise and nonlinearity modeling of active mixers for fast and accurate estimation", IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems I, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 276-289, Feb. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2010.2072110
  12. B. Razavi, RF Microelectronics, 2nd Ed. Pearson, 2012.
  13. J. -H. Kim, H. -W. An, and T. -Y. Yun, "A low-noise WLAN mixer using switched biasing technique", IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett. vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 650-652, Oct. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2009.2029746
  14. C. H. Wu, W. -H. Huang, "A high-linearity up-conversion mixer utilizing negative resistor", International Symposium on Signals, Systems and Electronics. vol. 2, Sept. 2010.
  15. M. Asghari, M Yavari, "Using the gatebulk interaction and a fundamental current injection to attenuate IM3 and IM2 currents in RF transconductors", IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI) Systems, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 223-232, Jan. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2015.2394244
  16. X. Fan, C. Zhu, and Z. Lei, "A 2.4 GHz RF CMOS upconversion mixer for wireless sensor networks nodes", 2009 International Conference on WCSP, pp. 1-5, Nov. 2009.
  17. S. A. Z. Murad, R. K. Pokharel, M. A. Abdelghany, H. Kanaya, and K. Yoshida, "High linearity 5.2 GHz CMOS up-conversion mixer using derivative superposition method", International Technical Conference of IEEE Region 10, TENCON 2010, 21-24, Nov. 2010.
  18. S. B. Patil, R. D. Kamphade, "A 2.4 GHz double balanced differential input single output low power transmitting mixer in TSMC 180 nm CMOS RF process", 2015 2nd International Conference on ICECS, pp. 1181-1186, Feb. 2015.
  19. Nam et al., "A 2.4-GHz low-power low-IF receiver and direct-conversion transmitter in 0.18 ${\mu}m$CMOS for IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN applications", IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 682-689, Apr. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2007.893646
  20. I. Kwon et al., "A fully integrated 2.4-GHz CMOS RF transceiver for IEEE 802.15.4", IEEE Radio Freq. Integr. Circuits Symp. Dig., San Francisco, CA, pp. 275-278, Jun. 2006.
  21. C. Choi, J. Choi, M. Kim, H. Park, and I. Nam, "A low power 2.4 GHz CMOS Direct-conversion transmitter for IEEE 802.15.4", Int. Wireless Symp.(IWS), Xi'an, China, pp. 1-4, Mar. 2014.