Journal of Environmental Health Sciences (한국환경보건학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Health (한국환경보건학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Estimation of the Daily Human Intake of Acrylamide (AA) Based on Urinary N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA) and the Contribution of Dietary Habits in South Korean Adults

요중 AAMA에 의한 한국 성인 아크릴아마이드(AA)의 하루섭취량 추정 및 기여 식습관에 대한 분석

  • LEE, Jin-Heon (Department of Environmental Education, College of Education, Kongju National University) ;
  • LEE, Kee-Jae (Department of Information and Statistics, College of Natural Science, Korea National Open University) ;
  • KANG, Hee-Sook (Department of Social Welfare, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kongju National University)
  • Received : 2016.04.15
  • Accepted : 2016.08.18
  • Published : 2016.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: This study estimated the adult Korean daily intake of acrylamide (AA) and investigated its relationship with demographic, lifestyle and dietary habits by using urinary concentrations of N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA). Methods: Human data (n=1870) was collected in a nationwide cross-sectional biomonitoring program representing the population (18-69 years) residing in South Korea. Urinary AAMA was analyzed with a LC-MS/MS system. Daily intakes of AA were estimated using mass daily AAMA, which was calculated through urinary AAMA concentration and daily creatinine excretion. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS procedures for calculating geometric means, confidence intervals and the exponentiated beta coefficient of multiple linear regressions. Results: Daily intake of AA was estimated at $0.475{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (BW) per day (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.447-0.503). In the case of current smokers, AA intake was $0.957{\mu}g/kg$ BW per day (95% CI: 0.847-1.067), which was significantly higher than that of former smokers and never smoked (p<0.0001). The strong affecting factors were age (95% CI: 0.68-1.14; p=0.0180), education level (95% CI: 1.05-1.42; p=0.0163), body mass index (BMI) (95% CI: 1.00-1.82; p<0.0001), and smoking status (95% CI: 0.97-3.05; p<0.0001). Korean dietary habits increasing AA intake were coffee (p=0.0005), cup noodles (p=0.0010) and canned foods (p=0.0005). Meanwhile, foods decreasing AA intake were fresh fruit (p=0.0076), cooked beef (p=0.0335) and cooked pork (p=0.0147). Conclusion: The Korean daily intake of AA in adults was estimated to be similar with those found in developed countries. The factors increasing daily AA intake were coffee, cup noodles and canned foods, and decreasing factors were fresh fruit, cooked beef and cooked pork.

Keywords

References

  1. Tareke, E., Rydberg, P., Karlsson, P., Eriksson, S., Tornquvist, M. Analysis of acrylamide a carcinogen formed in heated foodstuffs. J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50: 4998-5006. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020302f
  2. EFSA Scientific opinion on acrylamide in food, EFSA panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM). European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Journal. 2015; 23(6): 4104.
  3. LoPachin, R.M., Balaban, C.D.,Ross, J.F. Acrylamide axonopathy revisited. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2003; 188: 135-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-008X(02)00072-8
  4. Ghanayem, B.I., McDaniel, L.P., Churchwell, M.I., Twaddle, N.C., Snyder, R., Fennell, T.R., et al. Role of CYP2E1 in the epoxidation of acrylamide to glycidamide and formation of DNA and hemoglobin adducts. Toxicol Sci. 2005; 88: 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi307
  5. Klaunig, J.E. Acrylamide carcinogenicity. J Agric Food Chem. 2008; 56: 5984-5988. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8004492
  6. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Some Industrial Chemicals. IARC. Lyon. 1994; 60: 389-433.
  7. Boettcher, M.I., Bolt, T.H.M., Drexler, B.H., Angerer, J. Excretion of mercapturic acid of acrylamide and glycidamide in human urine after single oral administration of deuterium-labelled acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2006; 80: 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-005-0011-y
  8. Fuhr, U., Boettcher, M.I., Kinzig-Schippers, M., Weyer, A., Jetter, A., Lazae, A., et al. Toxicokinetics of acrylamide in humans after ingestion of a defined dose in a test meal to improve risk assessment for acrylamide carcinogenicity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15: 266-271. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0647
  9. BAG/FOPH Assessment of acrylamide intake by duplicate diet study, Preliminary communication. BAG/FOPH (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), 2002; 1-4.
  10. FAO/WHO Consultation of the Health Implications of Acrylamide in Food. Summary Report of a meeting held in Geneva, WHO(World Health Organization), 2002; 25-27 June, 1-12.
  11. Hays, S.M., Aylward, L.L. Biomonitoring equivalents (BE) dossier for acrylamide (AA). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2008; 51: S57-S67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.05.010
  12. Ji,K., Kang,S., Lee,G., Lee,S., Jo, A., Kwak,K., et al. Urinary levels of N-acetyl-s-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA), an acrylamide metabolite, in Korean children and their association with food consumption. Sci. Total Environ. 2013; 456-457: 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.057
  13. Bjellaas, T., Olesen, P.T., Frandsen, H., Haugen, M., Stolen, L., Paulsen, J.E., et al. Comparison of estimated dietary intake of acrylamide with hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide. Toxicol Sci. 2007; 98(10): 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm091
  14. Lee, J.H. Database of biological samples for human biomonitoring of hazard materials in South Korea, Report of Korean society of Environmental Health (KSEH) and National institute of Korea Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 2010; 81-208.
  15. Lee, J.H., Lee, K.J., Ahn, R., Kang, H.S. Urinary concentrations of acrylamide (AA) and N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA) and associations with demographic factors in the South Korean population. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014; 217: 751-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.03.005
  16. Barr, D., Wilder, L.C., Caudill, S.P., Gonzalez, A.J., Needham, L.L., Pirkle, J.L., 2005. Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: Implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2005; 113(2): 192-200. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7337
  17. Cole, S., Chu, H., Nie, L., Schisterman, E.F. Estimating the odds ratio when exposure has a limit of detection. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2009; 38: 1674-1680. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp269
  18. Meger,D.T., Allen, R.H., Gondy, G., Smith, W., Barr, D.R., Needham, L.L. Estimating pesticide dose form urinary pesticide concentration data by creatinine correction in the Third National health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III). J. Expo.Anal.Environ.Epidemol. 2004; 14: 457-465. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500343
  19. Mckelvey, W., Gwynn, R.C., Jeffery, N., Kass, D., Thorpe, L.E., Garg, R.K., et al. A biomonitoring study of lead, cadmium and mercury in the blood of New York city adults. Environ Health Perspect. 2007; 115: 1435-1441.
  20. Sirot V, Hommet F, Tard A, Leblank JC. Dietary acrylamide exposure of the French population: results of the second French total diet study. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012; 50: 889-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.033
  21. Hirvonen T, Jestoi M, Tapanainen H, Valsta L, Virtanen SM, Sinkko H, et al. Dietary acrylamide exposure among Finnish adults and children: the potential effect of reduction measures. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2011; 28: 1483-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2011.593559
  22. Svensson, K., Abramsson, L., Becker, W., Glynn, A., Hellenas, K.-E., Lind, Y., et al. Dietary intake of acrylamide in Sweden. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2003; 41: 1581-1586. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00188-1
  23. Dybing, E., Sanner, T. Risk assessment of acrylamide in foods. Toxicol Sci. 2003; 75: 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfg165
  24. Spencer, P.S., Schaumberg, H.H. A review of acrylamide neurotoxicity: I. Properties, uses and human exposure. Canadian J Neurol Sci.1974; 1: 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0317167100019739
  25. Matthys, C., Bilau , M., Govaert, Y., Moons, E., De Henauw, S., Willems, J.L. Risk assessment of dietary acrylamide intake in Flemish adolescents. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005; 43: 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2004.10.003
  26. Hagmar, L., Wirfalt, E., Paulsson, B., Tornqvist, M. Differences in hemoglobin adduct levels of acrylamide in the general population with respect to dietary intake, smoking habits and gender. Mutat Res. 2005; 580: 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.11.008
  27. Schettgen, T., Rossbach, B., Kutting, B., Letzel, S., Drexler, H., Angerer, J. Determination of haemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide in smoking and non-smoking persons of the general population. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2004; 207(6): 531-539. https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4639-00324
  28. Bolt, H.M., Roos, P.H., Their, R. The cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme CYP2E1 in the biological processing of industrial chemicals: Consequences for occupational and environmental medicine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health.2003; 76(3): 174-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-002-0407-4
  29. Van Vleet, T. R., Bombick, D. W., Coulombe, R. A., Jr. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 2E1 by nicotine, cotinine, and aqueous cigarette tar extract in vitro. Toxicol Sci. 2001; 64(2): 185-191. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/64.2.185
  30. KCDC. Statistics of Korean Health Status in 2014. Korea Center for Disease Control & Prevention, South Korea, 2015; 24-47.
  31. Ahn, H.J. Modern dietary transition in South Korea, focusing on the newspaper advertisement from 1896 to 1995. Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University (South Korea), 2015; 1-215.
  32. Becalski, A., Lau, B.P.-Y., Lewis, D., Seaman, S.W. Acrylamide in foods: occurrence, sources, and modeling. J Agric Food Chem. 2003; 51: 802-808. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020889y
  33. Taeymans, D., Ashby, P., Blank, I., Gonde, P., Van Eijck, P., Lalljie, S., et al. A review of acrylamide: an industry perspective on research, analysis, formation and control. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2004; 44: 323-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690490478082
  34. Hong, S.H. Research in changes in the Korean coffee system. Department of Sociology, Korea University (South Korea), 2015; 120-136.
  35. Arvanitoyannis, I.S., Dionisopoulou, N. Acrylamide: formation, occurrence in food products, detection methods and legislation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.2014; 54: 708-733. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.606378
  36. European Food Safety Authority(EFSA). Results on acrylamide levels in food from monitoring years 2007-2009. EFSA Journal. 2011; 9(4): 2133. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2133
  37. European Food Safety Authority(EFSA). Use of the EFSA comprehensive European food consumption database in exposure assessment. EFSA Journal. 2011; 9(3): 2097. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2097
  38. CDC. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2016 survey content brochure, NAHANES. 2016; 1-15. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/survey_content_99_16.pdf.
  39. Canada. Third report on human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals in Canada, Results of the Canadian Health Measure Survey Cycle 3 (2012-2013), Report. 2015; 1-88.49.
  40. Choi, K., Kim, S.K., Lee, K.M., Lee, K.J, Lee, J.H. Research development and planning for Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) III, NIER-SP2015-073. 2015; 1-167