Journal of Forest and Environmental Science

Institute of Forest Science, kangwon National University (강원대학교 산림과학연구소)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Relationship between Diversity and Productivity at Ratargul Fresh Water Swamp Forest in Bangladesh

  • Sharmin, Mahmuda (Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Dey, Sunanda (Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Chowdhury, Sangita (Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology)
  • Received : 2014.12.09
  • Accepted : 2016.05.18
  • Published : 2016.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

One of the most concerned topics in ecology is the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. However, there are few field studies, carried out in forests, although many studies have been done in controlled experiments in grasslands. In this paper, we describe the relationship pattern between three facets of diversity and productivity at Ratargul Fresh Water Swamp Forest (RFWSF) in Bangladesh, which is the only remaining fresh water swamp forest of the country. Sixty sample plots were selected from RFWSF and included six functional traits including leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), tree height, bark thickness and wood density. In analyzing TD, we used Shannon diversity and richness indices, functional diversity was measured by Rao's quadratic entropy (Rao 1982) and Faith's (1992) index was used for phylogenetic diversity (PD). It was found that, TD, FD and PD were positively related with productivity (basal area) due to resource use complementarity but surprisingly the best predictor of tree productivity was FD. The results contribute to the understanding the effects of biodiversity loss and it is essential for conservation decision-making and policy-making of Ratargul Fresh Water Swamp Forest.

Keywords

References

  1. Biswas SR, Mallik AU. 2011. Species diversity and functional diversity relationship varies with disturbance intensity. Ecosphere 2: art52.
  2. Bu W, Zang R, Ding Y. 2014. Field observed relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning during secondary succession in a tropical lowland rainforest. Acta Oecol 55: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2013.10.002
  3. Cadotte MW, Cardinale BJ, Oakley TH. 2008. Evolutionary history and the effect of biodiversity on plant productivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 17012-17017 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805962105
  4. Cadotte MW, Cavender-Bares J, Tilman D, Oakley TH. 2009. Using phylogenetic, functional and trait diversity to understand patterns of plant community productivity. PLoS One 4: e5695. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005695
  5. Cadotte MW. 2013. Experimental evidence that evolutionarily diverse assemblages result in higher productivity. PNAS 110: 8996-9000. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301685110
  6. Cardinale BJ, Matulich KL, Hooper DU, Byrnes JE, Duffy E, Gamfeldt L, Balvanera P, O'Connor MI, Gonzalez A. 2011.
  7. Chapin FS, Sala OE, Burke IC, Grime JP, Hooper DU, Lauenroth WK, Lombard A, Mooney HA, Mosier AR, Naeem S, Pacala SW, Roy J, Steffen WL, Tilman D. 1998. Ecosystem consequences of changing biodiversity. Bioscience 48: 45-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/1313227
  8. Chesson P, Pacala S, Neuhauser C. 2001. Environmental niches and ecosystem functioning. In: The functional consequences of Biodiversity (Kinzig A, Pacala S, Tilman D, eds). Princeton University Press, pp 213-245.
  9. ChowdhuryJK, Biswas SR, Islam SM, Rahman O, Uddin SN. 2004. Biodiversity of Ratargul Swamp Forest, Sylhet. IUCN Bangladesh Country Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh, iv+24pp.
  10. Cornelissen JHC, Lavorel S, Garnier E, Diaz S, Buchmann N, Gurvich DE, Reich PB, Ter Steege H, Morgan HD, Van Der Heijden MGA, Pausas JG, Poorter H. 2003. A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Aust J Bot 51: 335-380. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT02124
  11. Cornelissen JHC, Perez-Harguindeguy N, Diaz S, Grime JP, Marzano B, Cabido M, Vendramini F, Cerabolini B. 1999. Leaf structure and defence control litter decomposition rate across species and life forms in regional floras on two continents. New Phytol 143: 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00430.x
  12. Elmqvist T, Maltby E. 2010. Biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services. In: The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity (TEEB) (Kumar P, ed). Earthscan, UK, pp 1-96.
  13. Ewel JJ. 1986. Designing agricultural ecosystems for the humid tropics. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 17: 245-271. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.001333
  14. Faith DP. 1992. Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biol Conserv 61: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)91201-3
  15. Garnier E, Cortez J, Billes G, Navas ML, Roumet C, Debussche M, Laurent G, Blanchard A, Aubry D, Bellmann A, Neill C, Toussaint JP. 2004. Plant functional markers capture ecosystem properties during secondary succession. Ecology 85: 2630-2637. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0799
  16. Genung MA, Schweitzer JA, Bailey JK. 2014. Evolutionary history determines how plant productivity responds to phylogenetic diversity and species richness. PeerJ 2: e288. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.288
  17. Hector A, Hautier Y, Saner P, Wacker L, Bagchi R, Joshi J, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Spehn EM, Bazeley-White E, Weilenmann M, Caldeira MC, Dimitrakopoulos PG, Finn JA, Huss-Danell K, Jumpponen A, Mulder CP, Palmborg C, Pereira JS, Siamantziouras AS, Terry AC, Troumbis AY, Schmid B, Loreau M. 2010. General stabilizing effects of plant diversity on grassland productivity through population asynchrony and overyielding. Ecology 91: 2213-2220. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1162.1
  18. Hedlund K, Regina IS, Van der Putten WH, Leps J, Diaz T, Korthals GW, Lavorel S, Brown VK, Gormsen D, Mortimer SR, Barrueco CR, Roy J, Smilauer P, Smilauerova M, Van Dijk C. 2003. Plant species diversity, plant biomass and responses of the soil community on abandoned land across Europe: idiosyncracy or above-belowground time lags. Oikos 103: 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12511.x
  19. Hietz P, Eckmullner O, Sterba H. 2010. Leaf area of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from different stands in eastern Austria studied by randomized branch sampling. Eur J For Res 129: 401-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-009-0345-8
  20. Hoffmann WA, Adasme R, Haridasan M, de Carvalho MT, Geiger EL, Pereira MA, Gotsch SG, Franco AC. 2009. Tree topkill, not mortality, governs the dynamics of savanna-forest boundaries under frequent fire in central Brazil. Ecology 90: 1326-1337. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0741.1
  21. Hooper DU, Chapin FS, Ewel JJ, Hector A, Inchausti P, Lavorel S, Lawton JH, Lodge DM, Loreau M, Naeem S, Schmid B, Setala, H, Symstad AJ, Vandermeer J, Wardle DA. 2005. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecol Monogr 75: 3-35. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0922
  22. Hooper DU, Solan M, Symstad A, Diaz S, Gessner MO, Buchmann N, Degrange V, Grime P, Hulot F, Mermillod-Blondin F, Roy J, Spehn E, van Peer L. 2002. Species diversity, functional diversity and ecosystem functioning. In: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: syntheses and perspectives (Loreau M, Naeem S, Inchausti P, eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp 195-208.
  23. Hossain Z. 2011. Assemblage of plant species along moisture and innundation gradient at Ratargul Fresh Water Swamp Forest, Bangladesh. MS project. Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.
  24. Jenkins JC, Chojnacky DC, Heath LS, Birdsey RA. 2003. National-scale biomass estimators for United States tree species. For Sci 49: 12-35.
  25. Ma WH, He JS, Yang YH, Wang XP, Liang CZ, Anwar M, Zeng H, Fang JY, Schmid B. 2010. Environmental factors covary with plant diversity–productivity relationships among Chinese grassland sites. Global Ecol Biogeogr 19: 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00508.x
  26. Magurran AE, McGill BJ. 2011. Biological diversity: frontiers in measurement and assessment. Oxford University Press, New York.
  27. Maherali H, Klironomos JN. 2007. Influence of phylogeny on fungal community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Science 316: 1746-1748. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1143082
  28. Markesteijn L, Poorter L, Bongers F, Paz H, Sack L. 2011. Hydraulics and life history of tropical dry forest tree species: coordination of species' drought and shade tolerance. New Phytol 191: 480-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03708.x
  29. McGill BJ, Enquist BJ, Weiher E, Westoby M. 2006. Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends Ecol Evol 21: 178-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.02.002
  30. Mulder CP, Uliassi DD, Doak DF. 2001. Physical stress and diversity-productivity relationships: the role of positive interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 6704-6708. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.111055298
  31. Nadrowski K, Wirth C, Scherer-Lorenzen M. 2010. Is forest diversity driving ecosystem function and service? Curr Opin Environ Sustain 2: 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.02.003
  32. Naeem S, Bunker DE, Hector A, Loreau M, Perrings C. 2009. Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Human Wellbeing. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  33. Paquette A, Messier C. 2011. The effect of biodiversity on tree productivity: from temperate to boreal forests. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 20: 170-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00592.x
  34. Petchey OL, Gaston KJ. 2006. Functional diversity: back to basics and looking forward. Ecol Lett 9: 741-758. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00924.x
  35. Petchey OL, Hector A, Gaston KJ. 2004. How do different measures of functional diversity perform? Ecology 85: 847-857. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0226
  36. Petchey OL. 2003. Integrating methods that investigate how complementarity influences ecosystem functioning. Oikos 101: 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.11828.x
  37. PETER J. Wilson PJ, Thompson K, Hodgson J. 1999. Specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content as alternative predictors of plant strategies. New Phytol 143: 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x
  38. Poorter L, McDonald I, Alarcon A, Fichtler E, Licona JC, Pena-Claros M, Sterck F, Villegas Z, Sass-Klaassen U. 2010. The importance of wood traits and hydraulic conductance for the performance and life history strategies of 42 rainforest tree species. New Phytol 185: 481-492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03092.x
  39. Rao CR. 1982. Diversity and dissimilarity coefficients: a unified approach. Theor Popul Biol 21: 24-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(82)90004-1
  40. Roscher C, Schumacher J, Gubsch M, Lipowsky A, Weigelt A, Buchmann N, Schmid B, Schulze ED. 2012. Using plant functional traits to explain diversity-productivity relationships. PLoS One 7: e36760. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036760
  41. Ryan KC, Peterson DL, Reinhardt ED. 1988. Modeling long-term fire-caused mortality of Douglas fir. For Sci 34: 190-199.
  42. Stevens MHH, Carson WP. 2001. Phenological complementarity, species diversity, and ecosystem function. Oikos 92: 291-296. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.920211.x
  43. The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems. Am J Bot 98: 572-592.
  44. Thompson K, Askew AP, Grime JP, Dunnett NP, Willis AJ. 2005. Biodiversity, ecosystem function and plant traits in mature and immature plant communities. Funct Ecol 19: 355-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00936.x
  45. Tilman D, Knops J, Wedin D, Reich P, Ritchie M, Siemann E. 1997. The Influence of Functional Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes. Science 277: 1300-1302. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5330.1300
  46. Tilman D, Reich PB, Knops J, Wedin D, Mielke T, Lehman C. 2001. Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment. Science 294: 843-845. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060391
  47. Tobner CM, Paquette A, Reich PB, Gravel D, Messier C. 2014. Advancing biodiversity-ecosystem functioning science using high-density tree-based experiments over functional diversity gradients. Oecologia 174: 609-621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2815-4
  48. van Ruijven J, Berendse F. 2005. Diversity-productivity relationships: initial effects, long-term patterns, and underlying mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 695-700. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407524102
  49. Vila M, Vayreda J, Gracia C, Ibanez JJ. 2003. Does tree diversity increase wood production in pine forests?. Oecologia 135: 299-303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1182-y
  50. Violle C, Navas ML, Vile D, Kazakou E, Fortunel C, Hummel I, Garnier E. 2007. Let the concept of trait be functional!. Oikos 116: 882-892. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15559.x
  51. Waring RH, Schlesinger WH. 1985. Forest ecosystems: concepts and management. Academic Press Inc., Orlando, FL.
  52. Westoby M. 1998. A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant Soil 199: 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004327224729
  53. Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M, Ackerly DD, Baruch Z, Bongers F, Cavender-Bares J, Chapin T, Cornelissen JH, Diemer M, Flexas J, Garnier E, Groom PK, Gulias J, Hikosaka K, Lamont BB, Lee T, Lee W, Lusk C, Midgley JJ, Navas ML, Niinemets U, Oleksyn J, Osada N, Poorter H, Poot P, Prior L, Pyankov VI, Roumet C, Thomas SC, Tjoelker MG, Veneklaas EJ, Villar R. 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428: 821-827. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02403
  54. Xiao S, Zobel M, Szava-Kovats R, Partel M. 2010. The effects of species pool, dispersal and competition on the diversity productivity relationship. Global Ecol Biogeogr 19: 343-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00511.x
  55. Zuo XA, Knops JMH, Zhao XY, Zhao HL, Zhang TH, Li YQ, Guo YR. 2012. Indirect drivers of plant diversity-productivity relationship in semiarid sandy grasslands. Biogeosciences 9: 1277-1289. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1277-2012