DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Diet of Chaetognaths Sagitta crassa and S. nagae in the Yellow Sea Inferred from Gut Content and Fatty Acid Analyses

위 내용물 및 지방산 구성을 통한 황해 모악류(Sagitta crassa와 S. nagae)의 먹이 섭식 특성

  • Yoon, Hyunjin (Deep-sea and Seabed Mineral Resources Research Center, KIOST) ;
  • Ko, Ah-Ra (Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kang, Jung-Hoon (South Sea Environment Research Center, KIOST) ;
  • Choi, Joong Ki (Department of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Inha University) ;
  • Ju, Se-Jong (Deep-sea and Seabed Mineral Resources Research Center, KIOST)
  • 윤현진 (한국해양과학기술원 심해저광물자원연구센터) ;
  • 고아라 (서울대학교 해양연구소) ;
  • 강정훈 (한국해양과학기술원 남해특성연구센터) ;
  • 최중기 (인하대학교 자연과학대학 해양과학과) ;
  • 주세종 (한국해양과학기술원 심해저광물자원연구센터)
  • Received : 2016.01.12
  • Accepted : 2016.03.09
  • Published : 2016.03.30

Abstract

To understand the diet of chaetognaths, the gut content and fatty acid trophic makers (FATMs) of Sagitta crassa and S. nagae, which are the most predominant species of chaetognath in the Yellow Sea, were analyzed. Gut contents of the two species examined by microscopic analysis revealed that copepods are the major components of the diet (> 70% of gut contents) and there was no significant changes in the gut contents of two species collected in spring and summer season. Although 16:0, 20:5(n-3) (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and 22:6(n-3) (Docosahexanoic acid), which are known as phytoplankton FA markers, were the most dominant among the fatty acids in both chaetognath species, the detection of copepod FA markers, 20:1(n-9) (Gadoleic acid) and 22:1(n-11) (Cetoleic acid), provided evidence that their food sources include copepods. These results suggest that S. crassa and S. nagae are carnivores and mainly feed on copepods in the Yellow Sea.

Keywords

References

  1. Albers CS, Kattner G, Hagen W (1996) The composition of wax esters, triacylglycerols and phospholipids in Arctic and Antarctic copepods: evidence of ennergetic adaptations. Mar Chem 55:347-358 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(96)00059-X
  2. Baier CT, Purcell JE (1997) Trophic interaction of chaetognaths, larval fish, and zooplankton in the South Atlantic Bight. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 146:43-53 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps146043
  3. Bautista B, Harris RP (1992) Copepod gut contents, ingestion rates and grazing impact on phytoplankon in relation to size structure of zooplankton and phytoplankon during a spring bloom. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 82:41-50 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps082041
  4. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Phys 37:911-917 https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099
  5. Boyd CM, Heyraud M, Boyd CN (1984) Feeding of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. J Crustacean Biol 4:123-141 https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X84X00543
  6. Carabel S, Godínez-Domínguez E, Verísimo P, Fernández L, Freire J (2006) An assessment of sample processing methods for stable isotope analyses of marine food web. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 336:254-261 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2006.06.001
  7. Chícharo MA (1998) Nutritional condition and starvation in Sardina pilchardus (L.) larvae off southern Portugal compared with some environmental factors. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 225:123-137 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00212-8
  8. Chihara M, Murano M (1997) An illustrated guide to marine plankton in Japan. Tokyo University, Tokyo, 1574 p
  9. Dalsgaard J, St. John M, Kattner G, Muller-Navarra D, Hagen W (2003) Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine envrionment. Adv Mar Biol 46:225-340 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(03)46005-7
  10. El-Sabaawi R, Dower JF, Kainz M, Mazumder A (2009) Characterizing dietary variability and trophic positions of coastal calanoid copepods: insight from stable isotopes and fatty acids. Mar Biol 156:225-237 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-008-1073-1
  11. Falk-Petersen S, Sargent JR, Tande KS (1987) Lipid composition of zooplankton in reation to the sub-Arctic food web. Polar Biol 8:115-120 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00297065
  12. Falk-Petersen S, Hagen W, Kattner G, Clarke A, Sargent J (2000) Lipids, trophic relationships, and biodiversity in Arctic and Antarctic krill. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:178-191 https://doi.org/10.1139/f00-194
  13. Feigenbaum DL (1991) Food and feeding behaviour. In: Barker GM (ed) The biology of terrestrial molluscs. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 259-288
  14. Feigenbaum DL, Reeve M (1977) Prey detection in the Chaetognatha: response to a vibrating probe and experimental determination of attack distance in large aquaria. Limnol Oceanogr 22(6):1052-1058 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.6.1052
  15. Feigenbaum DL, Maris RC (1984) Feeding in the Chaetognatha. Oceanogr Mar Biol 22:343-392
  16. Frid CLJ, Newton LC, Williams JA (1994) The feeding rates of Pleurobrachia (Ctenophora) and Sagitta (Chaetognaths), with notes on the potential seasonal role of planktonic predators in the dynamics of North Sea zooplankton communities. Neth J Aquat Ecol 28(2):181-191 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02333989
  17. Graeve M, Hagen W, Kattner G (1994a) Herbivorous or omnivorous? On the significance of lipid compositions as trophic markers in Antarctic copepods. Deep-Sea Res PT I 41(5):915-924 https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90083-3
  18. Graeve M, Kattner G, Hagen W (1994b) Diet-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of Arctic herbivorous copepods: experimental evidence of trophic markers. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 182:97-110 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(94)90213-5
  19. Grey BB (1930) Chaetognatha from the society islands. Proc R Soc Q 42:62-67
  20. Hagen W, Kattner G, Graeve M (1995) On the lipid biochemistry of polar copepods: compositional differences in the Antarctic calanoids Euchaeta antarctica and Euchirella rostromagna. Mar Biol 123:451-457 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349224
  21. Harris R, Wiebe P, Lenz J, Skjoldal HR, Huntley M (2000) ICES zooplankton methodology manual. Academic Press, San Diego, 684 p
  22. Hopkins TL (1985) Food web of an antarctic midwater ecosystem. Mar Biol 89:197-212 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392890
  23. Hopkins TL, Torres JJ (1989) Midwater food web in the vicinity of a marginal ice zone in the western Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea Res 36:543-560 https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90005-8
  24. Hwang HJ, Choi JK (1993) Seasonal characteristics of zooplankton community in the mid-eastern part of the Yellow Sea. J Oceanol Soc Korea 28(1):24-34
  25. Ju SJ, Harvey HR (2004) Lipids as markers of nutritional condition and diet in the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba and Euphausia crystallorophias during austral winter. Deep-Sea Res PT II 51:2199-2214 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.08.004
  26. Ju SJ, Ko AR, Lee CR (2011) Latitudinal variation of nutritional condition and diet for copepod species, Euchaeta sp. and Pleuromamma spp., from the northwest Pacific Ocean using lipid biomarkers. Ocean Polar Res 33(3):349-358 https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2011.33.3.349
  27. Jung CS (1989) The study of the distribution of chaetognatha in the mid part of the Yellow Sea. M.D. Thesis, Inha University, 87 p
  28. Kattner G, Hagen W (1995) Polar herbivorous copepods different pathways in lipid biosynthesis. ICES J Mar Sci 52:329-335 https://doi.org/10.1016/1054-3139(95)80048-4
  29. Kattner G, Krause M (1989) Seasonal variation of lipids (wax esters, fatty acids and alcohols) in calanoid copepods from the North Sea. Mar Chem 26:261-275 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(89)90007-8
  30. Kehayias G, Michaloudi E, Koutrakis E (2005) Feeding and predation impact of chaetognaths in the north Aegean Sea (Strymonikos and Ierissos Gulfs). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 85(6):1525-1532 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315405012737
  31. KIOST (2014) The study on the impact of the Yellow Sea bottom cold water mass to the ecosystem. KIOST, BSPE99165-10334-7, 165 p
  32. KIOST (2015) The study on the impact of the Yellow Sea bottom cold water mass to the ecosystem. KIOST, BSPE99233-10604-3, 251 p
  33. Kirsch PE, Iverson SJ, Bowen WD, Kerr SR, Akman RG (1998) Dietary effects on the fatty acid signature of whole Atlantic cod(Gadus morhua). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:1375-1386
  34. Ko AR, Kim MS, Ju SJ (2013) Understanding the nutritional sources of gastropods and anomura from the mangrove forest of Weno Island, Micronesia. Ocean Polar Res 35(4):427-439 https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2013.35.4.427
  35. Kruse S, Hagen W, Bathmann U (2010) Feeding ecology and energetics of the Antarctic chaetognaths Eukrohnia hamata, E. bathypelagica and E. bathyantarctica. Mar Biol 157:2289-2302 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-010-1496-3
  36. Lagergren R, Lord H, Stenson AE (2000) Influence of temperature on hydrodynamic costs of morphological defences in zooplankton: experiments on models of Eubosmina(Cladocera). Funct Ecol 14:380-387 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00433.x
  37. Lim DH, Yoon WD, Yang JY, Lee Y (2009) The seasonal fluctuation of zooplankton in the Yellow Sea. In: J Korean Soc Mar Environ Saf Conference. J Korean Soc Mar Environ Saf, Busan, pp 183−188
  38. Meyer-Harms B, Irigoien X, Head R, Harris R (1999) Selective feeding on natural phytoplankton by Calanus finmarchicus before, during, and after the 1997 spring bloom in the Norwegian Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 44(1): 154-165 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.1.0154
  39. Mironove GN (1960) Feeding of plankton predators. II. Feeding of Sagitta. Tru Sevastopol Biol Sta 13:78-88
  40. Mori T (1964) The pelagic copepoda from the neighbouring waters of Japan. The Soyo Company Inc., Ontario, 150 p
  41. Murakami A (1959) Marine biological study on the planktonic chaetognath in the Seto Inland Sea. Bull Nakai Reg Fish Res Lab 12:1-186
  42. Nagasawa S, Marumo R (1972) Feeding of a pelagic chaetognath, Sagitta nagae AlvariRo in Suruga Bay, Central Japan. J Oceanogr Soc Jpn 28:181-186 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02108551
  43. Nagasawa S, Marumo R (1976) Further studies on the feeding habits of Sagitta nagae Alvarino in Suruga Bay, Central Japan. J Oceanogr Soc Jpn 32(5):209-218 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02107123
  44. Nagasawa S, Marumo R (1984) Feeding habits and copulation of the chaetognath Sagitta crassa. La Mer Bull Soc Fr- Jap Oceanogr 22:8-14
  45. Nichols DS, Nichols PD, Mcmeekin TA (1993) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in Antarctic bacteria. Antarct Sci 5(2):149-160
  46. Nomura H, Aihara K, Ishimaru T (2007) Feeding of the chaetognath Sagitta crassa Tokioka in heavily eutrophicated Tokyo Bay, Japan. Plankt Benth Res 2(3):120-127 https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.2.120
  47. Park JS (1970) Chaetognaths and plankton in Korean waters. Bull Fish Res Dev Agen Korea 6:1−167
  48. Park JS (1968) Chaetognahts and plankton in the Korean water 2. The distribution of chaetognaths in the Southern waters and their relation to the character of water masses in the summer 1967. Bull Fish Res Dev Agen Korea 3:83-102
  49. Park JS (1973) The distribution of chaetognaths in the Korea strait and their relation to the character of water masses. J Oceanol Soc Korea 8:22-32
  50. Park JS, Lee SS, Kang YS, Huh SH (1991) Distribution of indicator species of copepods and chaetognaths in the middle East Sea of Korea and their relationship to the characteristics of water mass. Bull Korean Fish Soc 24(3):203−212
  51. Park JS, Lee SS, Kang YS, Lee BD, Huh SH (1992) Distribution of indicator species of copepods and chaetognaths in the southeastern area of the Yellow Sea and their relationship to the characteristics of water mass. Bull Korean Fish Soc 25(4):251-264
  52. Parry DA (1944) Structure and function of the gut in Spadella cephaloptera and Sagitta setosa. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 26:16-36 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400014430
  53. Rakusa-Suszczewski S (1969) The food and feeding habits of Chaetognatha in the seas around the British Isles. Pol Arch Hydrobiol 16:213-232
  54. Saito H, Kiorboe T (2001) Feeding rates in the chaetognath Sagitta elegans: effects of prey size, prey swimming behaviour and small-scale turbulence. J Plankton Res 23(12):1385-1398 https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/23.12.1385
  55. Sargent JR, Falk-Petersen S (1981) Ecological investigations on the zooplankton community in Balsfjorden, Northern Norway : lipids and fatty acids in Meganyctiphanes norvegica, Thysanoessa raschi and T. inermis during mid-winter. Mar Biol 62:131-137 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00388175
  56. Sargent JR, Henderson RJ (1986) Lipids. In: Corner EDS, O'Hara SCM (eds) The biological chemistry of marine copepods. Clarendon Press, London, pp 59-108
  57. Schmit K, Atkinson A, Petzke KJ, Voss M, Pond DW (2006) Protozoans as a food source for Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba: complementary insights from stomach content, fatty acids, and stable isotopes. Limnol Oceanogr 51(5):2409−2427 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2409
  58. Scott CL, Kwasniewski S, Falk-Petersen S, Sargent JR (2002) Species differences, origins and functions of fatty alcohols and fatty acids in the wax esters and phospholipids of Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus from Arctic waters. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 235:127-134 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps235127
  59. Sullivan BK (1980) In situ feeding behavior of Sagitta elegans and Eukrohnia hamata (Chaetognatha) in relation to the vertical distribution and abundance of prey at Ocean Station "P". Limnol Oceanogr 25(2):317-326 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1980.25.2.0317
  60. Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30:2725-2729 https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
  61. Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG (1997) The Clustal X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 24:4876-4882
  62. Terazaki M (2005) Predation on anchovy larvae by a pelagic chaetognatha, Sagitta nagae in the Sagami Bay, central Japan. Coast Mar Sci 29(2):162-164
  63. Turner JT (1988) The marine cladoceran Penilia avirostris and the "microbial loop" of pelagic food webs. Limnol Oceanogr 33(2):245-255 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1988.33.2.0245
  64. Wiadnyana NN, Rassoulzadegan R (1989) Selective feeding of Acartia clausi and Centropages typicus on microzooplankton. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 53:37-45 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps053037
  65. Yoo KI (1995) Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna and flora of Korea, Vol. 35. Marine zooplankton. Ministry of Education of Korea, 215 p
  66. Yoo KI, Kim WR (1996) Spatial distribution of Chaetognaths in the Yellow Sea in the summer. Korean J Environ Biol 14(2):155-160
  67. Zhang B, Tang QS, Jin XS, Xue Y (2005) Feeding competition of the major fish in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. Curr Zool 51(4):616-623

Cited by

  1. Ecohydrographic control on the community structure and vertical distribution of pelagic Chaetognatha in the Red Sea vol.166, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3472-x