Journal of Life Science (생명과학회지)

Korean Society of Life Science (한국생명과학회)
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Production of Lactulose by Biological Methods and Its Application

생물학적 방법을 통한 기능성 이당 lactulose의 생산과 응용 연구

  • Kim, Yeong-Su (Freshwater Bioresources Utilization Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources) ;
  • Kim, Do-Yeon (International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute) ;
  • Park, Chang-Su (Department of Food Science and Technology, Catholic University of Daegu)
  • 김영수 (국립낙동강 생물자원관 담수생물특성연구실) ;
  • 김도연 ((재)금산국제인삼약초연구소) ;
  • 박창수 (대구가톨릭대학교 식품공학전공)
  • Received : 2016.12.06
  • Accepted : 2016.12.27
  • Published : 2016.12.30
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Abstract

Lactulose (4-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranosyl-D-fructose) is a non-digestible synthetic ketose disaccharide which can used in food and pharmaceutical fields due to its useful functions for encephalopathy, chronic constipation, hyperammonemia, etc. Therefore, the lactulose is regarded as one of the most important disaccharides and have been concentrated much interesting as an attractive functional material in the current industry. From this reason, the research related on the production of lactulose has been carried out various academic and industrial research groups. To produce lactulose, two main methods, chemical production and enzymatic production have been used. Commercially lactulose produced by alkaline isomerization of lactose as chemical production method but it has many disadvantages such as rapid lactulose degradation, purification, and waste management. From these reasons, lactulose produced by enzymatic method which solves these problems has been suggested as a proper method for lactulose production. Two different enzymatic methods have been reported as methods for lactulose production. Lactulose can be obtained through hydrolysis and transfer reaction catalyzed by a ${\beta}$-galactosidase which requires fructose as co-substrate and exhibits a low conversion. Alternatively, lactulose can be produced by direct isomerization of lactose to lactulose catalyzed by cellobiose 2-epimerase which requires lactose as a single substrate and achieves a high lactulose yield. This review summarizes the current state of lactulose production by chemical and biological methods.

Lactulose는 lactose의 이성질체로 galactose와 fructose의 ${\beta}$-1,4-glycosidic 결합으로 구성된 비소화성 기능성 이당으로 소장에서 분해되지 않고 대장에 도달하여 장내 유산균에 의해 이용되어 대장의 pH를 저하시켜 유해균의 증식을 억제 시키고 장내 균총을 유익한 방향으로 개선하는 효과를 가지고 있다. 또한 수용성 식이섬유로 작용하여 변비와 간성뇌질환등의 치료에 이용되고 있고 lactose에 비해 감미도 및 용해도가 우수하여 다양한 식품산업으로 유용하게 사용될 수 있는 높은 잠재적 활용가치를 보유하고 있는 기능성 당류이기도 하다. Lactulose를 생산하기 위하여 화학적 방법과 효소적 방법이 보고 되어있는데, lactose를 강알칼리 조건에서 이성화시키는 화학적 방법에 의한 lactulose의 생산은 고온, 고압의 반응 조건 및 중화 과정에서 사용되는 강산으로 인해 생성물의 과분해 및 부산물 생성에 의한 복잡한 정제과정이 요구되며 환경오염에 대한 심각한 문제를 내포하고 있다는 단점이 있다. 이러한 화학적 방법과는 달리 ${\beta}$-galactosidase 또는 cellobiose 2-epimerase와 같은 효소를 이용한 lactulose의 생산은 반응의 정밀성, 특이성, 반응공정의 안전성 및 친환경적 생산방법이라는 다양한 장점을 가지고 있다. 하지만, 효소적 생산 방법 중에서 ${\beta}$-galactosidase를 이용한 lactulose의 생산은 기질로서 유당뿐 아니라 과당을 함께 사용해야 하며 높은 기질농도에서만 반응이 이루어 지기 때문에 경제적으로 비효율적이라는 단점이 지적되고 있기도 하다. Lactulose의 효소적 생산방법에 있어서 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위하여 lactose 단일 기질로부터 높은 수율의 lactulose를 생산할 수 있는 cellobiose 2-epimerase를 이용한 lactulose생산 방법에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있지만 향후 효소 반응 공정 및 효소특성개량에 대한 지속적인 연구를 통하여 lactulose 산업적 생산을 위한 다양한 연구가 필요한 실정이다.

Keywords

References

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