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A Study on Design Techniques of Palace Gardens presented in Donggwoldo

동궐도에 보이는 궁궐정원의 조영수법

  • Chin, Sang-Chul (Dept. of Traditional Landscape Architecture, The Korean National University of Cultural Heritage)
  • 진상철 (한국전통문화대학교 전통조경학과)
  • Received : 2015.10.26
  • Accepted : 2015.12.30
  • Published : 2015.12.31

Abstract

This paper aims to review all landscaping elements of Donggwoldo by building and identify the palatial garden landscaping characteristics and landscaping methods in a bid to explore landscaping methods applicable for modern-time gardens of Korea through Succession of Tradition. The research methodology was adopted by which the palatial gardens appearing in Donggwoldo were observed according to garden elements to identify their characteristics. Garden elements in Donggwoldo include oddly shaped stones, ponds, buildings and Madang, borders and areas, and trees. Their characteristics were analyzed, and as a result they are outlined as follows. Location : Buildings in Donggwoldo were located in the optimal areas within the Myungdang (the best location), with the building sites being created by transforming the natural topography positively according to the existing topography and uses. Tree planting : The construction of the buildings involved using the existing trees. There were no specific principle and method of planting trees, and no specific criteria for choosing the kind of tree. Symmetrical planting was adopted and its is considered embracing the viewpoint of making gardens based on the expression of Yin and Yang. Strongly symbolical kinds of trees were also adopted. Bangji : it takes a nearly circular shape in palatial gardens, and such shapes represent conceptual and abstract symbols. They were also frequently used as the place of public entertainment. Pavilions : they did not take a certain standard shape. They had diverse shapes, including a triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, and octagon and cross. Oddly shaped stones : Oddly shapes stones and stone cases were deployed mainly near the bedroom and the crow prince's residence and in the rear garden. Hwagye : it appeared mainly in the back of the bedroom, the crown prince's residence, the princess's residence, and other women's quarters. Chwibyeong : it was installed for the purpose of drawing the natural energy like a natural inlet instead of being the nature-dividing wall. Korea's garden composition method was very different from the Western and Chinese method. Overall, Chosun palatial garden style was characterized by strict and Confucian features, while the garden construction method adopted the Taoism thought. Yet, the gardens had a carefree aspect.

이 연구의 목적은 "동궐도" 에 담겨있는 모든 정원 요소를 각 원(院)별로 나누어 세밀하게 살펴봄으로써 궁궐정원의 조영특성 및 수법을 파악 하여 전통계승을 통해 현대 정원에 적용할 수 있는 방법을 모색하는 데에 있다. 연구 방법으로는 동궐도에 나타나 있는 궁궐정원의 모습을 정원 요소별로 관찰하여 특성을 파악하는 방법을 택하였다. 동궐도에 나타나는 정원 요소로 괴석과 연못, 건물과 마당, 경계와 영역, 수목 등이 있으며. 공간에서 확인되는 각 구성요소의 배치특성을 파악하여 다음과 같은 결과가 도출되었다. 입기의 경우 동궐도내의 원(院)은 명당 내부의 최적지를 선택하여 각각의 대지를 기존의 지형과 건물의 용도에 따라 적극적으로 자연을 변형하는 방식을 선택하였다. 식재는 궁궐을 조성하면서 기존 수목을 그대로 활용하여 원칙적인 식재 방법이나 수종의 선택 기준은 확인되지 않았다. 대칭식재를 한 점이 특징으로, 이러한 대칭식재 방법은 음양 표시의 작정관(作庭觀)으로 보인다. 수종의 선정에 있어서는 상징적 의미가 강한 수종을 선택하여 식재하였다. 지당은 궁궐정원에서 대부분 관념적, 추상적 형태를 상징하는 원형으로 나타나며, 중락(衆樂)의 장소로 빈번하게 사용되었음을 알 수 있었다. 한편 정자를 만드는 형식은 일정하지 않았고, 형태적으로는 삼각, 사각, 오각, 육각, 팔각 등에서 십자모양에 이르기까지의 다양하게 조성되었다. 괴석과 석함은 주로 침전 주위와 동궁처소 그리고 후원에 배치되어 있었다. 화계(花階)는 주로 침전의 후면 및 동궁전, 공주의 처소 등 주로 부녀자의 거처에 나타난다. 취병(翠屛)은 자연과 단절하는 장벽이 아니라 선택적 인입을 하는 체와 같이 자연의 기를 안도하는 의도로 설치하였다. 우리나라의 정원은 구성방식에 있어서 서구나 중국의 경우와 매우 다른 특징을 가지고 있었다. 전반적으로 조선시대 궁궐정원은 형식에 있어서는 엄격한 유가적 규범이 적용되었고, 작정 수법은 신선사상을 많이 차용하였다. 그러면서도 소탈한 측면을 가지고 있는 점이 특징이다.

Keywords

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