암석학회지 (The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea)

한국암석학회 (The Petrological Society of Korea)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

임진강대의 중부 고생대층: 임진계

Devonian Strata in Imjingang Belt of the Central Korean Peninsula: Imjin System

  • 최용미 (안동대학교 지구환경과학과) ;
  • 조석주 (고려대학교 지구환경과학과) ;
  • 이정현 (고려대학교 지구환경과학과) ;
  • 이동찬 (충북대학교 지구과학교육과) ;
  • 이정구 (미래창조과학부) ;
  • 권이균 (공주대학교 지질환경과학과) ;
  • 조림 (중국길림대학 지구과학학원) ;
  • 이동진 (안동대학교 지구환경과학과)
  • Choi, Yong-Mi (Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Andong National University) ;
  • Choh, Suk-Joo (Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University) ;
  • Lee, Jeong-Hyun (Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University) ;
  • Lee, Dong-Chan (Department of Earth Science Education, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Jeong-Gu (Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning) ;
  • Kwon, Yi-Kyun (Department of Geoenvironmental Sciences, Kongju National University) ;
  • Cao, Lin (College of Earth Science, Jilin University) ;
  • Lee, Dong-Jin (Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Andong National University)
  • 투고 : 2015.06.03
  • 심사 : 2015.06.15
  • 발행 : 2015.06.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

1962년 북한 연구자들은 휴전선 이북에 분포된 임진강 유역의 상부고생대 평안계 지층에서 데본기의 것으로 추정되는 완족동물과 극피동물 화석을 찾아 이 화석들을 포함하는 지층을 평안계로부터 분리하여 '임진계'로 설정하였다. 이후 임진계의 여러 분포지에서 발견된 중기 데본기의 차축조(車軸藻, 윤조(輪藻)와 동의어)화석은 그 지질시대를 확정하는 결정적 요소가 되었다. 평남분지와 경기육괴 사이에 분포하는 임진계는 강원도 철원군, 황해북도 금천군, 판문군 및 토산군에 걸치는 동부와, 황해남도 강령군과 옹진군 일원의 서부지역에 대상으로 분포하며, 경기도 북부의 연천층군(변성암복합체)을 포함한다. 해성 무척추 동물화석만 산출되는 하부 고생대층과는 달리 임진계는 다양한 육상 식물화석을 포함한다. 임진계에서 흔히 산출되는 완족동물화석은 남중국대지 데본기 지층에서 알려진 것과 종의 구성에서 유사할 뿐 아니라 남중국대지의 풍토종을 포함하고 있어 두 지역 사이의 고지리적 근연관계를 지시한다. 임진계의 지질시대는 연구자에 따라 견해차는 있으나, 데본기 중-후기로 보는 견해가 지배적이며, 일부 연구자는 데본기 중기-석탄기로 추정하기도 한다. 북한의 연구자들은 데본기에 남중국의 바다가 한반도까지 확장된 '임진해'가 존재하였으며, 따라서 임진계가 현 위치에서 퇴적된 것으로 해석하였다. 임진계는 분포 지역에 따라 심한 층서적 편차를 보이며 국지적으로 두꺼운 층후를 보인다. 최근 북한의 임진계 분포지 도처에서 충상에 의한 지층의 역전과 반복이 보고되었으며, 남한에 분포한 임진계의 연장부인 연천층군의 퇴적기원 변성암 또한 고도의 압축변형작용에 기인한 것으로 알려져, 임진계 분포지 전반에 걸쳐 광범위한 습곡-충상단층대가 형성되었음을 시사한다. 연천층군이 임진강대의 북부로 가면서 점진적으로 고변성대에서 저변성대로 바뀌는 사실로 미루어볼 때, 경기육괴의 북부지역 및 임진강대는 다비-술루(Dabie-Sulu) 벨트의 연장부로 남중국대지와 한중대지의 충돌대였으며, 임진계는 남중국대지의 연장선상에 있었던 경기육괴에서 발달한 퇴적층으로, 남중국대지와 한중대지가 충돌하면서 첨합(accretion)된 잔재로 해석된다. 향후 한반도와 동아시아의 고생대 고지리의 복원과 지각진화사를 심도 있게 이해하기 위하여 임진계의 층서, 퇴적 및 조구조적 진화에 대하여 남북한 관련분야 연구자들이 함께 참여하는 후속연구가 필요하다.

The 'Imjin System' (or Rimjin System) was established in 1962 as a new stratigraphic unit separated from the Upper Paleozoic Pyeongan System based on the discovery of brachiopods and echinoderms of possible Devonian age. Subsequent discoveries of the Middle Devonian charophytes confirmed the Devonian age of the system. The Imjin System is distributed in the Imjingang Belt between the Pyongnam Basin and the Gyeonggi Massif, spans from the eastern areas including Cholwon-gun of the Gangwon Province, Gumchon-gun, Phanmun-gun, and Tosan-gun of the Hwanghaebuk Province, to the western areas of Gangryong-gun and Ongjin-gun of the Hwanghaenam Province, and includes the Yeoncheon Group (metamorphic complex) to the south. Unlike the lower Paleozoic strata in the Pyongnam Basin which solely produce marine invertebrate fossils, the Imjin System yields diverse non-marine plant and algal fossils. Brachiopods of the system are similar to those from the Devonian of the South China Block and include taxa endemic to the platform, implying a close paleogeographic affinity to the South China Block. The Imjin System is generally considered as of Middle to Late Devonian in age, although there have been suggestions that the system is of the Middle Devonian to Carboniferous in age. North Korean workers postulated that the Imjin System was deposited in the current geographic position, where the "Imjin Sea" (an extension of the South China Platform) was located during the Devonian. The Imjin System displays strong local variations in stratigraphy and its thickness. It has recently been reported that the strata are repeated and overturned by thrust faults in many exposures. The Yeoncheon Group a southward extension of the Imjin System, also experienced intense tight folding and contractional deformation. Northward decrease in metamorphic grade within the system suggests that the northern part of the Gyeonggi Massif and the Imjingang Belt are probably an extension of the Dabie-Sulu Belt between the South China and Sino-Korean blocks, and the Imjin System is an remnant of accretion resulted from the collision between the two blocks. In order to understand tectonic evolution and Paleozoic paleogeography of eastern Asia, further studies on stratigraphic, sedimentologic and tectonic evolution of the Imjin System involving scientists from the two Koreas are urgently needed.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Chang, K.H., 1997, Korean Peninsula. In Encyclopedia of European and Asia Regional Geology (eds. Moores, E.M. and Fairbridge, R.W.). Chapman & Hall, London, 465-473.
  2. Cho, D.L., Kwon, S.T., Jeon, E.Y. and Armstrong, R., 2005, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages of metamorphic rocks from the Samgot unit, Yeoncheon complex in the Imjingang belt, Korea: implication for the Phanerozoic tectonics of East Asia (abstract). Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 388.
  3. Cho, M.S., Kim, Y.S. and Ahn, J.H., 2007, Metamorphic evolution of the Imjingang belt, Korea: Implications for Permo-Triassic collisional orogeny. International Geology Review, 49, 30-51. https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.49.1.30
  4. Cho, M.S., Kwon, S.-T., Ree, J.-H. and Nakamura, E., 1995, High-pressure amphibolite of the Imjingang belt in the Yeoncheon-Cheongok area. Journal of Petrological Society Korea, 4, 1-19 (in Korean with English abstract).
  5. Cho, M.S., Na, J.S. and Yi, K.W., 2010, SHRIMP U-Pb ages of detrital zircons in metasandstones of the Taean Formation, western Gyeonggi massif, Korea: Tectonic implications. Geosciences Journal, 14, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-010-0011-7
  6. Choi, S.-J. and Chwae, U., 2007, A review of Yeoncheon Group-with Yamaguchi D. (1951)'s thesis "On the socalled Yeoncheon System and its regional metamorphism". Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources(KIGAM) Bulletin, 11, 85-97.
  7. Choi S.-J., Kim. B.C., Chun, H.Y. and Kim, Y.B., 1995, Charophytes from the Chopyeong Formation(Cretaceous) of the Eumsung Basin, Korea. Journal of Geological Society of Korea, 31, 523-528 (in Korean and English abstract).
  8. Chough, S. K., Kwon, S.-T., Ree, J.-H. and Choi., D. K., 2000, Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the Korean Peninsula: a review and new view. Earth-Science Reviews, 101, 225-249.
  9. Chwae, U. and Choi, S.-J., 2009, Stratigraphic and structural review of Yeongcheon Group and Imjingang fold belt, and its edge of distribution. Economic and Environmental Geology, 42, 627-634 (in Korean with English abstract).
  10. Cluzel, D., 1992a, Formation and tectonic evolution of early Mesozoic intramontane basins in the Ogcheon Belt (South Korea): A reappraisal of the Jurassic "Daebo orogeny". Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 223-235.
  11. Cluzel, D., 1992b, Late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic geodynamic evolution of the Circum-Pacific orogenic belt in South Korea and Southwest Japan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 108, 289-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(92)90029-U
  12. Cluzel, D., Cadet, J.P. and Lapierre, H., 1990, Geodynamic of the Ogcheon Belt (South Korea). Tectonophysics, 183, 41-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90187-D
  13. Cluzel, D., Jolivet, L. and Cadet, J. P., 1991, Early middle Paleozoic intraplate orogeny in the Ogcheon Belt(South Korea): A new insight on the Paleozoic buildup of East Asia. Tectonics, 10, 1130-1151. https://doi.org/10.1029/91TC00866
  14. Feist, M., Liu, J. and Tafforeau, P., 2005, New insights into Paleozoic charophyte morphology and phylogeny. American Journal of Botany, 92, 1152-1160. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.7.1152
  15. Galle, A. and Ficner, F., 2004, Middle Devonian Calceola sandalina (Linnaeus, 1771) (Anthozoa, Rugosa) from Moravia (Czech Republic): aspects of functional morphology, gerontic growth patterns, and epibionts. Geodiversitas, 26, 17-31.
  16. Graham, L.E., 1996, Green algae to land plants: an evolutionary transition. Journal of Plant Research, 109, 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02344471
  17. Grambast, L.J., 1974, Phylogeny of the Charophyta. Taxon, 23, 463-481. https://doi.org/10.2307/1218769
  18. Ham, B.S., 1981, Stratigraphy of the upper Ordovician and Middle Paleozoic formations of Korea. A collection of papers presented at the national seminar of geologists. Industrial Publishing House, 50-69 (in Korean).
  19. Ham, B.S., 1982, Upper Ordovician strata of Korea. Ph.D. dissertation, Kim Il Sung University, 74p (in Korean).
  20. Institute for Peace Affairs, 2008, North Korean Human geography. http://www.cybernk.net/infoText/InfoNature-CultureDetail.aspx?mc=BN0107&id=BN040300008679.
  21. Kang, J.G., 1984, The fossils of Silurian to Devonian strata and their stratigraphic significance. Ph.D. dissertation, Kim Il Sung University, 159p (in Korean).
  22. Kim, B.S., 2012, Characteristics of Paleozoic sedimentary from east China-Korean Peninsula and its tectonic significance. Ph.D. dissertation, Jilin University, 123p (in Chinese with English abstract).
  23. Kim, B.S., Liu, Y.J., Li, W.M., Liang, D.J., Kim, M.H. and Chae, Y.S., 2012, Correlation between Rimjingang belt and Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt. Global Geology, 15, 97-104.
  24. Kim, B.S., Liu, Y.J. and Yang, W.M., 2011, The new finding of Paleozoic Devonian fossils in Pyongnam Basin, Korean Peninsula and its geological significance. Journal of the Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 41, 79-85.
  25. Kim, D.S., 1990, Biostratigraphy. Kim Il Sung University Press, Pyongyang, 287p (in Korean).
  26. Kim, D.S. and Kang, J.G., 1993, On some problems of Rimjin System in Korea. Jijilkwahak (Geoscience), 5, 23-31 (not seen by author).
  27. Kim, H.C., Horie, K., Kee, W.-S., Hidaka, H. and Cho, D.-L., 2009, Middle Devonian SHRIMP U-Pb aga of the hornblende granite and its implication on the depositional age of the Yeoncheon Group (abstract). Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference, Mineralogical Society of Korea and Petrological Society of Korea, 78 (in Korean).
  28. Kim, J.-N., Ree, J.-H., Kwon, S.-T., Park, Y., Choi, S.-J. and Cheong, C.-S., 2000, The Kyonggi shear zone of the central Korean Peninsula: late orogenic imprint of the North and South China Collision. The Journal of Geology, 108, 469-478. https://doi.org/10.1086/314412
  29. Kim, M.H. and Kim, M.G., 2007, The new coral fossils from the upper part of Mandal Formation in Pyongyang district. Jijilgwajiri (Geology and Geography), 4, 29-30 (in Korean).
  30. Kim, R.C., 1993, New consideration of folded deposits of Pyongnam Basin. Jijilgwahak (Geoscience), 2, 45-48 (in Korean).
  31. Klavins, S.D., 2004, Re-interpretaion of Wexfordia hookense from the Upper Devonian of Ireland as an arborescent lycophyte. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 144, 275-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00242.x
  32. Kobayashi, K., 1935. The Cambro-Ordovician formations and faunas of south Chosen, Paleontology, Part 3. Cambrian faunas of south Chosen with a special study on the Cambrian trilobite genera and families. Journal of the Faculty of Sciences, Imperial University of Tokyo, Section II, 4, 49-344.
  33. Kwon, S.H, Sajeev, K., Mitra, G., Park, Y.D, Kim, S.W. and Ryu, I.C., 2009, Evidence for Permo-Triassic collision in Far East Asia: The Korean collisional orogen. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 279, 340-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.016
  34. Lee, B.-J., Kim, Y.B., Lee, S.L., Kim, J.C., Kang, P.-C., Choi, H.-I. and Jin M.-S., 1999, Seoul-Namcheonjum sheet, Korea Institute of Geology, Mining and Materials, KR-99 (5)-1, 64p.
  35. Lee, D.-J., Choi, Y.-M., Lee, D.-C., Lee, J.-G., Kwon, Y.-K., Lin, C. and Choh, S.-J., 2013a, Upper Ordovician and Silurian deposits in the Pyeongnam Basin: 1. Songrim Conglomerate and its paleogeographic implication. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 49, 5-15 (in Korean with English abstract).
  36. Lee, D.-J., Choi, Y.-M., Lee, D.-C., Lee, J.-G., Kwon, Y.-K., Lin, C. and Choh, S.-J., 2013b, Upper Ordovician and Silurian deposits in the Pyeongnam Basin: 2. Sangsori and Koksan series. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 49, 181-195 (in Korean with English abstract).
  37. Li, X. and Wu, X., 1996, Late Paleozoic phytogeographic provinces in China and its adjacent regions. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 90, 41-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00023-2
  38. Ma, X.P. and Zong, P., 2010, Middle and Late Devonian brachiopod assemblages, sea level change and paleogeography of Hunan, China. Science China Earth Sciences, 53, 1849-1863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-4090-0
  39. McCourt, R.M., Delwiche, C.F. and Karol, K.G., 2004, Charophyte algae and land plants origins. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 661-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.09.013
  40. Murphy, M.A. and Salvador, A., 1999, International Stratigraphic Guide - An abridged version. Episodes, 22, 255-271.
  41. Oh, C.W., 2006, A new concept on tectonic correlation between Korea, China and Japan: histories from the late Proterozoic to Cretaceous. Gondwana Research, 9, 47-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2005.06.001
  42. Om, H.Y., Kim, Y.H. and Ryang, C.C., 1996, Paleozoic Era. In Geology of Korea (eds. Paek, R.J., Kang, H.G. and Jon, G.P.). Foreign Languages Book Publishing House, Pyongyang, 80-164.
  43. Pak, M.H., 1996, Biostratigraphy of Middle Devonian to Early Carboniferous Strata in Korean Peninsula. Ph.D. dissertation, Central Commission for Mineralogical Resources, 175p (in Korean).
  44. Pak, Y.S., 1976. Lower and Middle Paleozoic corals from the Pyeongnam Basin. Ph.D. dissertation, Kim Il Sung University, 93p (in Korean).
  45. Pak, Y.S., 1987, Middle to Late Devonian Strata. In Geology of Korea (eds. Ro, S.W. and Pak, S.U.). Science Press, Pyongyang, 86-91 (in Korean).
  46. Pak, Y.S. and Kang, J.G., 1984, On some new plant fossils from the Kumchon area. Gwahakwontongbo (Academy of Science Report of D.P.R. Korea), 5, 50-53 (in Korean).
  47. Pak, Y.S. and Kang, J.G., 1985, On some new plant fossils from the Devonian strata of Korea. Jijiltamsa (Geological Survey), 5, 24-26 (in Korean).
  48. Pak, Y.S. and Kang J.G., 1986, Several species of fossil Lycopsida from the Devonian strata of Korea. Jijiltamsa (Geological Survey), 4, 15-16 (in Korean).
  49. Pak. Y.S. and Kang, J.G., 1987, Upper Ordovician to Devonian paleogeography in Korea. Jijilgwajiri (Geology and Geography), 3, 44-48 (in Korean).
  50. Ree, J.-H., Cho, M., Kwon, S.-T. and Nakamura, E., 1996, Possible eastward extension of Chinese collision belt in South Korea: The Imjingang belt. Geology, 24, 1071-1074. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<1071:PEEOCC>2.3.CO;2
  51. Riu, J.R., Paek, Y.S. and Ham, B.S., 1990, Geological composition of Korea (2 Paleozoic Strata). Pyongyang, Industry Press, 352p (in Korean).
  52. Sajeev, K., Jeong, J.H., Kwon, S.H., Kee, W.S., Kim, S.W., Komiya, T., Itaya, T., Jung, H.-S. and Park, Y.D., 2010, High P-T granulite relicts from the Imjingang belt, South Korea: tectonic significance. Gondwana Research, 17, 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2009.07.001
  53. Shimizu, S., Ozaki, K. and Obata, T., 1934, Gotlandian deposits of northwest Korea. Journal of the Shanghai Science Institute, Section II, 1, 59-85.
  54. So, Y.S., Rhee, C.W., Choi, P.-Y., Seo, J.Y. and Lee E.-J., 2013, Distal turbidite fan/lobe succession of the Late Paleozoic Taean Formation, western Korea. Geosciences Journal, 17, 9-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-013-0016-0
  55. Taylor, E.L., Talyor, T.N. and Krings, M., 2009, Paleobotany: the biology and cvolution of fossil plants. Academic Press. 1049p.
  56. Wang, Q., Geng, B.-Y. and Dilcher, D.L., 2005, New perspective on the architecture of the Late Devonian arborescent lycopsid Leptophloeum rhombicum (Leptophloeaceae). American Journal of Botany, 92, 83-91. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.1.83
  57. Yabe, H. and Sugiyama, T., 1937, Gotlandian Clathrodictyon from Tyosen (Korea). Transactions of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, 44, 154-157.
  58. Yamaguchi, T., 1951, On the so-called Yeoncheon System and its regional metamorphism. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, 57, 419-438 (in Japanese with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.57.419
  59. Yin, A. and Nie, S., 1993, An indentation model for the North and South China collision and the development of the Tan-Lu and Honam fault systems, eastern Asia. Tectonics, 12, 801-813. https://doi.org/10.1029/93TC00313
  60. Yu, C.M., 2007, Dimorphism in Calceola sandalina (Linnee, 1771). Science in China Earth Sciences, 50, 1761-1766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-007-0122-9
  61. Zhang, R. and Pojeta, J., 1986, Chapter D. Devonian sections in Guangxi from which pelecypods were collected. In Devonian rocks and Lower and Middle pelecypods of Guangxi, China and the Traverse Group of Michigan (ed. Pojeta, J.). United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1394-A-G, 33-43.

피인용 문헌

  1. Detrital zircon ages in Korean mid-Paleozoic meta-sandstones (Imjingang Belt and Taean Formation): Constraints on tectonic and depositional setting, source regions and possible affinity with Chinese terranes vol.143, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.04.028
  2. Discovery of Late Devonian plants from the southern Yellow Sea borehole of China and its palaeogeographical implications 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.039
  3. Geology of the 2018 Winter Olympic site, Pyeongchang, Korea vol.60, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2017.1340196