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디지털 영상의 픽셀값 경사도에 의한 미디언 필터링 포렌식 판정

Forensic Decision of Median Filtering by Pixel Value's Gradients of Digital Image

  • 이강현 (조선대학교 전자공학과/창의공학디자인융합학과)
  • RHEE, Kang Hyeon (Chosun University, Dept. of Electronics Eng./School of Design and Creative Eng.)
  • 투고 : 2015.04.01
  • 심사 : 2015.05.25
  • 발행 : 2015.06.25

초록

디지털 영상의 배포에서, 위 변조자에 의해 영상이 변조되는 심각한 문제가 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여, 본 논문에서는 영상의 픽셀값 경사도에 따른 특징벡터를 이용한 미디언 필터링 영상 포렌식 판정 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘에서, 원영상의 픽셀값 경사도로부터 자기회귀 계수를 1~6차까지의 6 Dim.을 계산한다. 그리고 경사도를 Poisson 방정식의 해에 의한 재구성 영상과 원영상과의 차영상으로 부터, 4 Dim. (평균값, 최대값 그리고 최대값의 좌표 i,j)의 특징벡터를 추출한다. 2 종류의 특징벡터는 10 Dim.으로 조합되어 변조된 영상의 미디언 필터링 (Median Filtering: MF) 검출기의 SVM (Support Vector Machine) 분류를 위한 학습에 사용된다. 제안된 미디언 필터링 검출 알고리즘은 동일 10 Dim. 특징벡터의 MFR (Median Filter Residual) 스킴과 비교하여 원영상, 평균필터링 ($3{\times}3$) 영상 그리고 JPEG (QF=90) 영상에서는 성능이 우수하며, Gaussian 필터링 ($3{\times}3$) 영상에서는 성능이 다소 낮지만, 성능평가 전체항목에서 민감도 (Sensitivity; TP: True Positive rate)와 1-특이도 (1-Specificity; FP: False Positive rate)의 AUC (Area Under Curve)가 모두 1에 수렴하여 'Excellent (A)' 등급임을 확인하였다.

In a distribution of digital image, there is a serious problem that is a distribution of the altered image by a forger. For the problem solution, this paper proposes a median filtering (MF) image forensic decision algorithm using a feature vector according to the pixel value's gradients. In the proposed algorithm, AR (Autoregressive) coefficients are computed from pixel value' gradients of original image then 1th~6th order coefficients to be six feature vector. And the reconstructed image is produced by the solution of Poisson's equation with the gradients. From the difference image between original and its reconstructed image, four feature vector (Average value, Max. value and the coordinate i,j of Max. value) is extracted. Subsequently, Two kinds of the feature vector combined to 10 Dim. feature vector that is used in the learning of a SVM (Support Vector Machine) classification for MF (Median Filtering) detector of the altered image. On the proposed algorithm of the median filtering detection, compare to MFR (Median Filter Residual) scheme that had the same 10 Dim. feature vectors, the performance is excellent at Unaltered, Averaging filtering ($3{\times}3$) and JPEG (QF=90) images, and less at Gaussian filtering ($3{\times}3$) image. However, in the measured performances of all items, AUC (Area Under Curve) by the sensitivity and 1-specificity is approached to 1. Thus, it is confirmed that the grade evaluation of the proposed algorithm is 'Excellent (A)'.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Kang Hyeon RHEE, "Median Filtering Detection using Latent Growth Modeling", Journal of The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 61-68, 2015.1. https://doi.org/10.5573/ieie.2015.52.1.061
  2. Kang Hyeon RHEE, "Image Forensic Decision Algorithm using Edge Energy Information of Forgery Image", Journal of The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 75-81, 2014.3. https://doi.org/10.5573/ieie.2014.51.3.075
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  6. Yujin Zhang, Shenghong Li, Shilin Wang and Yun Qing Shi, "Revealing the Traces of Median Filtering Using High-Order Local Ternary Patterns," Signal Processing Letters, IEEE, Vol. 21, pp. 275-279, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/LSP.2013.2295858
  7. Xiangui Kang, Matthew C. Stamm, Anjie Peng, and K. J. Ray Liu, "Robust Median Filtering Forensics Using an Autoregressive Model," IEEE Trans. on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 1456-1468, Sept. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2013.2273394
  8. http://homepages.lboro.ac.uk/-cogs/datasets/ucid/ucid.html (2015.4.1)
  9. Kang Hyeon RHEE, "Framework of multimedia forensic system," Computing and Convergence Technology (ICCCT), 2012 7th International Conferenceon, IEEE Conf. Pub., pp. 1084-1087, 2012.