Expression of temperature responsive genes in cell cultures derived from Bombyx mori

Abstract

Insects are heterotherms that exhibit a close relationship between their ecology (especially temperature changes) and physiology. In the present study, selected genes associated with cell death and temperature were examined to determine gene expression in Bombyx mori in high and low temperature environments. We determined the amount of dsRNA, different concentrations of dsRNA, and different type of cells to set the conditions most efficient for RNAi. We then prepared dsRNA transcripts of the genes associated with cell death and temperature response. We analyzed cell damage via Trypan blue staining and found that cell viability was reduced after knockdown of these genes. The special transduced cell lines produced in the present study can be applied in various research fields. We also expect that these cell lines can be used as a research tool for the precise functional analysis of various genes.

Introduction

Insects, which account for more than 80% of all animal species, live and breed in a variety of habitats. Heterothermic insects are especially sensitive to changes in habitat temperature, and are found in extremely low and high temperature environments. Their bodies possess the inherent ability to adapt to the environment (Chown et al., 2004). For example, under low temperature conditions, if insects are in shock or have lost the ability to move, they develop low temperature resistance (cold-tolerance), and at high temperatures, they develop thermo-tolerance, which facilitates minimization of protein denaturation and cellular damage (Udaka et al., 2013). When the limit of tolerance is reached, apoptosis due to stress response occurs. Meanwhile, insects also exhibit a variety of behavioral patterns and morphological changes that allow for adaptation to temperature stress. An example of this type of adaptation is the altered molecular gene expression of heat shock protein (Hsp) chaperone (Colinet et al., 2010). The expression of Hsp is mainly induced by high temperatures; however, recent studies have investigated changes in the expression of Hsp during low temperature stress (Norry et al., 2007, Colinet et al., 2010). In particular, during the recovery period after a period of low temperature stress, expression of this gene has been reported to be induced in several species (Colinet et al., 2010a; Colinet & Hoffman, 2012). Expression and recovery mechanisms of Hsp genes have been investigated in Bombyx mori (Daisuke et al., 2006, Jun et al., 2012); however, there is still much to be elucidated in this area of research.

Typically, these previous studies used cultured insect cells, such as the S2 cell line of Drosophila melanogaster, the sf9 cell line of Spodoptera frugiperda, or the Bme-21, BmN4, and BmN-FK cell lines of Bombyx mori. Recently, insect cell line research has employed the baculovirus protein expression system (Condreay et al., 2007), which reveals the viral replication mechanism, and antiviral mechanism, of host cells (Schütz et al., 2006; Weaver et al., 2006).

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules, and has been used for applications in gene precise function analysis, gene inhibition mechanism analysis, and gene therapy (Daneholt et al., 2006). The effect of Hsp on the recovery from, and resistance to, cold temperature stress in Drosophila has been previously shown (Colinet et al., 2010b; Kostal & Tollarova-Borovanska, 2009; Rinehort et al., 2007). However, in the silkworm (B. mori), RNAi research is lacking, although several elements for controlling RNAi have been determined using B. mori cell lines.

The present study used the BmN-SID-1 (Kobayashi et al., 2013) B. mori culture cell line, which showed similar functions to an identified RNAi mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans, i.e., that of the SID-1 transmembrane protein (Evan et al., 2003). SID-1 protein facilitates the injection of dsRNA easily, without the use of an added transfection vector, and it available RNAi only injection of dsRNA, injected SID-1 derived from C. elegans to BmN4 B. mori cultured cell line (Mon et al., 2013). This study was conducted to investigate the temperature responsiveness of cultured cells derived from B. mori, and to reveal the temperature-related gene expression patterns in this species. Further, the results of this study may be used to establish a model test method for using RNAi to investigate specialized traits in B. mori cultured cell lines.

 

Materials and Methods

Insect cell culture and treatment temperature

The B. mori BmN4, BmN-FK, and BmN4-SID-1 cells were maintained at 27℃ on IPL-41 (Gibco, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco). B. mori cell lines, BmN4 and BmN-SID-1, were provided by Dr. Lee Jae Man of Kyushu University (Japan). The low temperature treatment condition was 0℃ each for 3 and 7 d cultures (Sinclair et al., 2007), and the high temperature condition was 45℃ each for 35 min and 24 h cultures (Daisuke et al., 2007).

dsRNA synthesis and RNAi

IAP-1 (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein-1), GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein), 3R*, and Calreticulin were synthesized at 60℃ for 30 s, 72℃ for 70 s (5X), 94℃ for 30 s, 68℃ for 30 s and 72℃ for 70 s. To create dsRNA of these genes, a PCR cycle was run 30 times at 94℃ for 30 s with the T7 promoter attached to the 5′ end of the T7 promoter-terminal primer (MEGAscript RNAi kit, Ambion). Each gene synthesized was ~300–500 bp in size (Fig. 1). The dsRNAs were then transfected into BmN4 with FuGENE HD (Promega, USA) and BmN-SID-1 was soaked with dsRNA alone.

Fig. 1.Gel electrophoresis dsRNA that synthesize with specific primer. Identification of proper dsRNA synthesis through product size and sequencing.

*: Novel gene selected by subtraction and low temperature specific gene

RNA extraction and semi-quantitative PCR

The samples were centrifuged for 15 min at 15,000 rpm, 4℃, after being dissolved in trizol (Ambion). Next, chloroform was added (200 μL) and the samples were centrifuged for 15 min at 15,000 rpm. Isopropanol (500 μL) was then added to the supernatant. After washing with 70% ethanol, the precipitate was centrifuged for 5 min at 15,000 rpm and was dissolved in 0.1% DEPC DW (10 μL) and stored until use at –80℃. In order to determine the expression level of the gene by using Gene Specific Primer (GSP; Table 1), we performed the following PCR protocol: 94℃ 30 s, 55℃ 30 s, and then amplified 23 times, followed by 72℃ 30 s 3 stage. Amplification was confirmed using agarose gel electrophoresis, using 2% EtBr.

Table 1.5'-taatacgactcactatagggaga: T7 promoter sequence

MTS assay and Trypan blue staining

Cells were plated (100 uL), at 60%–70% of the cell culture area, then 20 μL of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5 (3-carboxymethonyphenol)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) (Promega, USA) was added to each well of the plate and was incubated for 24 h at 27℃. Plates were read directly at 492 nm using a microplate reader. The plates were also examined under the microscope under 10X and 20X after being treated with 0.5% (4 μL) Trypan blue (Olympus, JP/CKX41SF).

 

Results

Chapter I.

I-1. RNAi effect of different amounts of dsRNA

The RNAi effect was confirmed by the results obtained after the treatment with dsRNA. The BmN-SID-1 cells were adjusted to a cell concentration of 45% and dispensed in 500-μL aliquots into a 24-well plate. We injected 200 ng, 100 ng, 50 ng, or 25 ng for each dsIAP-1. After 24 h, dsIAP-1 among all the cells displayed the apoptotic phenotype on a medium, regardless of the throughput (Fig. 2A). The MTS assay showed cells injected with dsIAP-1 had different cell viability than those without, but showed similar cell viability regardless of the amount of dsIAP-1 added (Fig. 2B).

Fig. 2.(A) BmN-SID-1 cells demonstrate rapid response upon the depletion of IAP-1. It treated different volume of dsIAP-1 separately. At 24 h of soaking, cells were observed under microscope. Arrows indicate the apoptotic phenotype induced by the depletion of IAP-1. (B) MTS assay that treated only dsIAP-1 (n=6)

I-2. RNAi effect of cell density

To examine whether there is a difference in the RNAi effect based on cell density, 500 μL of BmN-SID-1 cell culture was placed in 24-well plates at 90%, 60%, 45%, or 30% cell density. Wells with and without injected dsIAP-1 were compared. Cells treated with dsIAP-1 showed apoptotic phenotype on the medium regardless of cell density (Fig. 3A). Cell viability was reduced in all cells that processed dsIAP-1 in the MTS assay, but cell viability at a cell density of 30% to 45%, in particular, decreased the most (Fig. 3B).

Fig. 3.(A) The cells socked dsIAP-1 was distributed with cell density (percentage). Arrows indicate the apoptotic phenotype induced by the depletion of IAP-1. (B) MTS assay that the cells socked dsIAP-1 were distributed with cell density (percentage) (n=6).

I-3. RNAi effect of the type of cells

BmN-SID-1, BmN4 cell plated with 500 μL to 45% cell density in 24 well and SID-1 was treated to BmN mock, dsIAP-1, or dsGFP. Cells treated with dsIAP-1 displayed apoptotic phenotype on the medium (Fig. 4A). MTS assay results showed that cell viability in the dsIAP-1 treatment was the lowest (Fig. 4B). In addition, mock, FuGENE, dsGFP, dsIAP-1, and fu + dsGFP were treated with a fu dsIAP-1 + a BmN4 cell. In addition, cells treated with dsIAP-1 did not show apoptotic phenotype on the medium (Fig. 4C). MTS assay results show fu + dsIAP-1 treatment had the lowest cell viability (Fig. 4D).

Fig. 4.(A) BmN4 cells and (B) BmN-SID-1 demonstrate rapid response upon the depletion of IAP-1. (A) At 24 h of transfection, cells were observed under microscope. Arrows indicate the apoptotic phenotype induced by the depletion of IAP-1. (I: control, II: mock, III: Fugene HD, IV: dsGFP, V: dsIAP-1, VI: Fugene HD+dsGFP, VII: Fugene HD+dsIAP-1). (B) At 24 h of transfection, cells were observed under microscope. Arrows indicate the apoptotic phenotype induced by the depletion of IAP-1. (I: control, II: mock, III: Fugene HD, IV: dsGFP, V: dsIAP-1, VI: Fugene HD+dsIAP-1). (C) MTS assay, VII cell viability is the lowest and consequence that induced by the depletion of IAP-1 (n=6). (D) MTS assay, VI cell viability is the lowest and consequence that induced by the depletion of IAP-1 (n=6).

I-4. Identification of RNAi effect

After the insertion of the GFP gene 3R PIzT vector was confirmed, the expression of GFP was treated in BmN4 and BmN SID-1 cells. These cells were aliquoted into 96-well plates with dsGFP. Two days later, observations confirmed that dsGFP reduced expression of GFP (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5.(A) BmN4-3R, BmN-SID-1-3R cell lines demonstrate RNAi effect upon the proper synthesis of dsGFP. All treated dsGFP cells decrease the green fluorescent. (B) BmN-SID-1-3R cell line demonstrates RNAi effect upon the proper synthesis of dsGFP. Treated dsGFP cell decreases the green fluorescent.

Chapter II. Changes in genes due to temperature by RNAi technology

II-1. Hsp70

At a low temperature, which suppresses the expression of the genes under the dsHsp70 treatment, cell viability is decreased more by dsHsp70 treatment than in the untreated group (Fig. 6A). The RT-PCR results confirmed that the gene expression level of the treated cells was decreased by dsHsp70 treatment (Fig. 6C).

Fig. 6.(A) MTS assay after transfected dsHsp70 using Fugene HD with BmN-SID-1 cell line. control: untreated cell, I: incubated under low temperature 0℃ 3 d and RNA extract as soon as added dsHsp70 II: incubated under low temperature 0℃ 3 d and RNA extract after 4 d added dsHsp70, III: incubated under low temperature 0℃ 3 d and RNA extract as soon as added dsHsp70 2 times, IV: incubated under low temperature 0℃ 3 d and RNA extract after 4 d added dsHsp70 2 times (n=6). (B) shows MTS color change. (-): dsRNA not treated, (+): dsRNA treated. (C) Identification of mRNA expression levels of BmN-SID-1 cell lines that incubated under control and low temperature (0℃ 3 d).

II-2. 3R

We used the 3R gene injected cells: BmN4-3R, BmN-FK-3R, and BmN-SID1-3R the BmN4, BmN-FK, BmN-SID1 cells. It decreased the expression level of the gene compared to control 3R confirmed by RT-PCR processes the ds3R result, (Fig. 7E). The same results as above were confirmed in the real-time PCR (Fig. 7B). In addition, cell viability value at which suppression of gene expression occurred was lower in ds3R-treated cells than in the non-treated group (Fig. 7A).

Fig. 7.(A) MTS assay after transfected ds3R using Fugene HD with BmN-SID-1 cell line. I: not treated dsRNA under high temperature, II: treated dsRNA under high temperature, III: not treated dsRNA under low temperature, IV: treated dsRNA under low temperature (n=6). (B) real-time PCR of BmN-SID-1 cell lines after treated ds3R that incubated under control and low temperature (0℃ 3 d). (C) Cells were observed under microscope. (D) shows MTS color change. (E) Identification of mRNA expression levels of BmN-SID-1 cell lines after treated ds3R that incubated under control and low temperature (0℃ 3 d).

II-3. Calreticulin

In the calreticulin gene RNAi results, cell viability did not differ substantially between the non-treated group and the treated group (Fig. 8A). It was confirmed that the gene expression level of the treated cells decreased dscalreticulin in RT-PCR (Fig. 8D).

Fig. 8.(A) MTS assay after transfected ds using Fugene HD with BmN-SID-1 cell line. I: not treated dsRNA under high temperature, II: treated dsRNA under high temperature, III: not treated dsRNA under low temperature, IV: treated dsRNA under low temperature (n=6). (B) Cells were observed under microscope. (C) shows MTS color change. (-): dsRNA not treated, (+): dsRNA treated. (D) Identification of mRNA expression levels of BmN-SID-1 cell lines after treated dsCalreticulin that incubated under control and low temperature (0℃ 3 d).

 

Discussion

Insects, being heterothermic animals, exhibit a close relationship between ecological factors (especially temperature change) and their physiology (Michael et al., 2009). We investigated gene expression patterns under high and low temperature conditions for a selected gene associated with temperature and apoptosis.

Insect cells are easy to culture and have economic advantages compared to the culture and management of general mammalian cultured cells (Drugmand et al., 2012). In the present study, we analyzed the expression profiles of several insect genes resulting from B. mori cultured cell lines at specific temperatures. A particular cell line (BmN-SID-1 in favor of Dr. Lee, Kyushu Univ.) increased the efficiency of transduction and originality of the research culture in the country, introduced for the first time.

We established the most efficient conditions for RNAi, and the experiment was conducted with the GFP gene IAP-1 to confirm that the synthesis of dsRNA was appropriate. IAP-1 (literally short for inhibitor apoptotic protein) gene prevents the progression of cell death that occurs in cells. When injected into the cell to produce a dsRNA of this gene, it is possible to observe floating dead cells over the medium; apoptosis occurs rapidly. To establish the most efficient methodology, experiments were divided by the experiment, RNAi dsRNA amounts, the cell density, and each treatment group. Thus, it can be seen that the RNAi effect is the same, regardless of the amount of the dsRNA. In addition, if dsIAP-1 is added, regardless of the concentration of the cells, the apoptotic phenotype was confirmed in all the cells via the MTS. The most efficient RNAi activity appeared in a cell density of 30%–45% (Fig. 3). No significant difference mock which the negative control, transfection reagent, dsGFP, even with the number of the cells treated. In order to check directly whether the synthesis of dsRNA takes place correctly, we compared the fluorescence of GFP expression. Since the expression of GFP is suppressed in cells treated with the dsGFP, the fluorescence intensity was much smaller; it is therefore possible to confirm that dsRNA has been synthesized correctly (Fig. 5).

Then, the cells were prepared with dsRNA of cell death-related genes and temperature stress; we tried to knock down selected genes. Based on our results, 3R gene and Hsp70 can be predicted to affect the survival of the cells under low and high temperature (Fig. 6, 7). Calreticulin gene can be predicted to not directly affect the survival of the cells under low and high temperature (Fig. 8).

In addition, the use of the BmN-SID-1 cells for RNAi experiments instead of transfection reagent, leads to low costs, low labor requirement, and less experimental time. Therefore, it is expected that these special transduced cell lines can be used in various research fields and are expected to serve as a research tool for the precise functional analysis of various genes.