DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Seismic hazard assessment for two cities in Eastern Iran

  • Received : 2014.04.23
  • Accepted : 2014.12.14
  • Published : 2015.03.25

Abstract

Iran as one of the countries located on the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt has recently experienced a few number of catastrophic earthquakes. A well-known index of how buildings are affected by earthquakes is through assessment of probable Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and structures' response spectra. In this research, active faults around Kerman and Birjand, two major cities in eastern parts of Iran, have been considered. Seismic catalogues are gathered to categorize effects of surrounding faults on seismicity of the region. These catalogues were further refined with respect to time and space based on Knopoff-Gardner algorithm in order to increase statistical independency of events. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) has been estimated for each of cities regarding 50, 100, 200 and 500 years of structures' effective life-span. These results subsequently have been compared with Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA). It has been observed that DSHA not necessarily suggests upper bound of PSHA results. Furthermore, based on spectral Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs), Uniform Hazard Spectra (UHS) and spectral acceleration were provided for 2% and 10% levels of probability of exceedance. The results show that increasing source-to-site distance leads to spectral acceleration reduction regarding each fault. In addition, the spectral acceleration rate of variation would increase if the source-to-site distance decreases.

Keywords

References

  1. Abdollahzadeh, G., Sazjini, M., Shahaky, M., Zahedi Tajrishi, F. and Khanmohammadi, L. (2013), "Considering potential seismic sources in earthquake hazard assessment for Northern Iran", J. Seismol., 18(3), 357-369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-013-9412-1
  2. Abdalla, J.A. and Al-Homoud, A.S. (2004), "Seismic hazard assessment of United Arab Emirates and its surroundings", J. Earthq. Eng., 8(6), 817-837. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460409350510
  3. Alavi, A.H., Gandomi, A.H., Modaresnezhad, M. and Mousavi, M. (2011), "New ground-motion prediction equations using multi expression programing", J. Earthq. Eng., 15(4), 511-536. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2010.526752
  4. Baker, J.W. (2008), An Introduction to Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA), Version 1.3, Stanford University.
  5. Bartels, S.A. and VanRooyen, M.J. (2012), "Medical complications associated with earthquakes", Lancet, 15(4), 748-757.
  6. Berberian, M. (1979), "Earthquake faulting and bedding thrust associated with the Tabas-e-Golshan (Iran) Earthquake of September 16, 1978", Bul. Seismol. Soc. Am., 69(6), 1861-1877.
  7. Berberian, M. (1981), "Active faulting and tectonics of Iran", Eds. H.K. Gupta, F.M.D., Zagros-Hindu Kush- Himalaya Geodynamic Evolution: Washington D.C., American Geophysical Union, 33-69.
  8. Berberian, M. (1982), "Aftershock tectonics of the 1978 Tabas-e-Golshan (Iran) earthquake sequence: a documented active 'thin- and thick-skinned tectonic' case", Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 68(2), 499-530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1982.tb04912.x
  9. Berberian, M., Jackson, J.A., Ghorashi, M. and Kadjar, M.H. (1984), "Field and teleseismic observations of the 1981 Golbaf-Sirch earthquakes in SE Iran", Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 77(3), 809-838. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb02223.x
  10. Berberian, M. and Qorashi, M. (1994), "Coseismic fault-related folding during the South Golbaf earthquake of November 20, 1989, in south east Iran", Geology, 22(6), 531-534. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0531:CFRFDT>2.3.CO;2
  11. Berberian, M., Jackson, J.A., Qorashi, M., Khatib, M.M., Priestly, K., Talebian, M. and Gafuri-Ashtiani, M. (1999), "The 1997 May 10 Zirkuh (Qa'enat) earthquake (Mw 7.2): faulting along the Sistan suture zone of eastern Iran", Geophys. J. Int., 136(3), 671-694. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00762.x
  12. Berberian, M., Jackson, J.A., Qorashi, M., Talebian, M. and Priestly, K. (2000), "The 1994 Sefidabeh earthquakes in eastern Iran: blind thrusting and bedding-plane slip on a growing anticline, and active tectonics of the Sistan suture zone", Geophys. J. Int., 142(2), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00158.x
  13. Bilham, R. (2009), "The seismic future of cities", Bul. Earthq. Eng., 7(4), 839-887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-009-9147-0
  14. Campbell, K.W. (1981), "Near-source attenuation of peak horizontal acceleration", Bul. Seism. Soc. Am., 71(6), 2039-2070.
  15. Cauzzi, C. and Faccioli, E. (2008), "Broadband (0.05 to 20 s) prediction of displacement response spectra based on worldwide digital records", J. Seismol., 12(4), 453-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-008-9098-y
  16. Engdahl, E.R., Jackson, J.A., Myers, S.C., Bergman, E.A. and Priestly, K. (2006), "Relocation and assessment of seismicity in the Iran region", Geophys. J. Int., 167(2), 761-778. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03127.x
  17. Gardner, J.K. and Knopoff, L. (1974), "Is the sequence of earthquakes in Southern California, with aftershocks removed, Poissonian?", Bul. Seismol. Soc. Am., 64(5), 1363-1367.
  18. Ghasemi, H., Zare, M., Fukushima, Y. and Koketsu, K. (2009), "An empirical spectral ground-motion model for Iran", J. Seismol., 13(4), 499-515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-008-9143-x
  19. Ghodrati Amiri, G., Motamed, R. and Rabet Es-Haghi, H. (2003), "Seismic hazard assessment of metropolitan Tehran, Iran", J. Earthq. Eng., 7(3), 347-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460309350453
  20. Ghodrati Amiri, G., Mahdavian, A. and Manouchehri Dana, F. (2007), "Attenuation relationships for Iran", J. Earthq. Eng., 11(4), 469-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460601034049
  21. Ghodrati Amiri, G., Khorasani, M., Mirza Hessabi, R. and Razavian Amrei, S.A. (2009), "Ground-motion prediction equations of spectral ordinates and arias intensity for Iran", J. Earthq. Eng., 14(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460902988984
  22. Hosseinzadeh, M. (2008), "Uniform hazard spectra and simulated strong ground motion for Bam, Iran", The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing.
  23. Karimiparidari, S., Zare, M., Memarian, H. and Kijko, A. (2013), "Iranian earthquake, a uniform catalog with moment magnitudes", J. Seismol., 17(3), 897-911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-013-9360-9
  24. Kijko, A. (2004), "Estimation of the maximum earthquake magnitude, Mmax", Pure Appl. Geophys., 161, 1655-1681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-004-2531-4
  25. Koreie, M.T. (2005), Morphotectonic of Kuhbana Fault, Geosciences No. 58 in Geological Survey of Iran.
  26. Kramer, K.L. (1996), Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall International Series in Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
  27. McGuire, R.K. (2004), Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, USA.
  28. Maheri, M.R. (2004), "Performance of roofs and floor slabs during bam, earthquakes of 26 december 2003", J. Seismol. Earthq. Eng., 6(1), 123-131.
  29. Mirzaei, N., Gao, M. and Chen, Y. (1999), "Delineation of potential seismic sources for seismic zoning of Iran", J. Seismol., 3(1), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009737719013
  30. Motaghi, K. and Ghods, A. (2012), "Attenuation of ground-motion spectral amplitudes and its variations across the central Alborz mountains", Bul. Seismol. Soc. Am., 102(4), 1417-1428. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120100325
  31. Mousavi, M., Ansari, A., Zafarani, H. and Azarbakht, A. (2012), "Selection of ground motion prediction models for seismic hazard analysis in the Zagros region, Iran", J. Earthq. Eng., 16(8), 1184-1207. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2012.685568
  32. Pavel, F., Vacareanu, R., Arion, C. and Neagu, C. (2014), "On the variability of strong ground motions recorded from Vrancea earthquakes", Earthq. Struct., 6(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2014.6.1.001
  33. Rahgozar, M.A., Ghodrati Amiri, G. and Saleh, M. (2012), "Probabilistic assessment of PGA and UHS for Bojnurd city, the capital of north Khorasan province, Iran", J. Seismol. Earthq. Eng., 14(1), 13-28.
  34. Raschke, M. (2013), "Statistical modeling of ground motion relations for seismic hazard analysis", J. Seismol., 17(4), 1157-1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-013-9386-z
  35. Regard, V., Hatzfeld, D., Molinaro, M., Aubourg, C., Bayer, R., Bellier, O., Yamini-Fard, F., Peyret, M. and Abbassi, M. (2010), "The transition between Makran subduction and the Zagros collision: recent advances in its structure and active deformation", Geologic. Soc., London, Special Publications, 330(1), 43-64. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP330.4
  36. Reiter, L. (1990), Earthquake Hazard Analysis-Issues and Insights, Columbia University Press, New York, USA.
  37. Sadeghi, H., Shooshtari, A. and Jaladat, M. (2010), "Prediction of horizontal response spectra of strong ground motions in Iran and its region", Proceedings of the 9th U.S. National and 10th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Toronto.
  38. Sadigh, K., Egan, J. and Youngs, R. (1986), "Specification of ground motion for seismic design of long period structures", Earthq. Notes, 57(1), 13.
  39. Saffari, H., Kuwatsa, Y., Takada, S. and Mahdavian, A. (2012), "Updated PGA, PGV, and spectral acceleration attenuation relations for Iran", Earthq. Spec., 28(1), 257-276. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3673622
  40. Shafiei Bafti, A. (2009), "Tectonics movements of Kuhbanan fault system in Bahabad region, Central Iran", Iran. J. Earth Sci., 1(1), 92-98.
  41. Shjoa-Taheri, J., Naserieh, S. and Hadi, G. (2010), "A test of the applicability of NGA models to the strong ground-motion data in the Iranian plateau", J. Earthq. Eng., 14(2), 278-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460903086051
  42. Shokri, M., Eskandari M. and Zia, M. (2011), Primary report of Kahnouj earthquake 2011 Jun 15 (Kahnouj, Kerman), a report in Geological Survey of Iran.
  43. Tavakoli, B. and Ghafory-Ashtiany, M. (1999), "Seismic hazard assessment of Iran", Annali Di Geofisica, 42(6), 1013-1021.
  44. Tavakoli, B. (2002), "Sensitivity of seismic hazard evaluations to uncertainties determined from seismic source characterization", J. Seismol., 6(4), 525-545. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021108932582
  45. Vacareanu, R., Demetriu, S., Lungu, D., Pavel, F., Arion, C., Iniancovici, M., Aldea, A. and Neagu, C. (2014), "Empirical ground motion model for Vrancea intermediate-depth seismic source", Earthq. Struct., 6(2), 141-161. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2014.6.2.141
  46. Walker, R.T., Jackson, J.A. and Baker, C. (2004a), "Active faulting and seismicity of the Dasht-e-Bayaz region, Eastern Iran", Geophys. J. Int., 157(1), 265-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.02179.x
  47. Walker, R.T. and Jackson, J.A. (2004b), "Active tectonics and late Cenozoic strain distribution in central and eastern Iran", Tectonics, 23(5).
  48. Walker, R.T. and Khatib, M.M. (2006), "Active faulting in the Birjand region of NE Iran", Tectonics, 25(4).
  49. Walker, R.T., Gans, P., Allen, M.B., Jackson, J.A., Khatib, M., Marsh, N. and Zarrinkoub, M. (2009), "Late Cenozoic volcanism and rates of active faulting in eastern Iran", Geophys. J. Int., 177(2), 783-805. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04024.x
  50. Zare, M. and Hamzehloo, H. (2004), "A Study of the strong ground motions of 26 December 2003 Bam earthquake: Mw6.5", J. Seismol. Earthq. Eng., 5(4), 33-56.
  51. Zare, M., Karimi-Paridari, S. and Sabzali, S. (2008), "Spectral attenuation of strong motions for near source data in Iran", J. Seismol. Earthq. Eng., 10(3), 147-152.

Cited by

  1. Effect of Soil Classification on Seismic Behavior of SMFs considering Soil-Structure Interaction and Near-Field Earthquakes vol.2018, pp.1875-9203, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4193469
  2. Unsupervised identification of arbitrarily-damped structures using time-scale independent component analysis: Part II vol.32, pp.9, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-018-0839-8
  3. Seismic probabilistic risk assessment of weir structures considering the earthquake hazard in the Korean Peninsula vol.13, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.13.4.421
  4. Temperature and humidity effects on behavior of grouts vol.5, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2017.5.6.659