International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials

Korea Concrete Institute (한국콘크리트학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Mix Design and Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concretes: Applicability of Eurocode 2

  • Received : 2014.05.23
  • Accepted : 2014.07.24
  • Published : 2015.03.30
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This work is devoted to the study of fresh and hardened properties of concrete containing recycled gravel. Four formulations were studied, the concrete of reference and three concretes containing recycled gravel with 30, 65 and 100 % replacement ratios. All materials were formulated on the basis of S4 class of flowability and a target C35 class of compressive strength according to the standard EN 206-1. The paper first presents the mix design method which was based on the optimization of cementitious paste and granular skeleton, then discusses experimental results. The results show that the elastic modulus and the tensile strength decrease while the peak strain in compression increases. Correlation with the water porosity is also established. The validity of analytical expressions proposed by Eurocode 2 is also discussed. The obtained results, together with results from the literature, show that these relationships do not predict adequately the mechanical properties as well as the stress-strain curve of tested materials. New expressions were established to predict the elastic modulus and the peak strain from the compressive strength of natural concrete. It was found that the proposed relationship E-$f_c$ is applicable for any type of concrete while the effect of substitution has to be introduced into the stress-strain (${\varepsilon}_{c1}-f_c$) relationship for recycled aggregate concrete. For the full stress-strain curve, the model of Carreira and Chu seems more adequate.

Keywords

References

  1. Ali, A. M., Farid, B., & Al-Janabi, A. I. M. (1990). Stress-strain relationship for concrete in compression model of local materials. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Engineering Sciences, 2, 183-194. https://doi.org/10.4197/Eng.2-1.12
  2. Assie, S. (2004). Durability of self compacting concretes (254 pp). PhD Thesis, INSA-Toulouse, Toulouse (in French).
  3. Baalbaki,W., Benmokrane, B., Chaallal,O.,&Aitcin, P.-C. (1991). Influence of coarse aggregate on elastic properties of highperformance concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 88(5), 499-503.
  4. Belen, G.-F., Fernando, M.-A., Carro Lopez, D., & Seara-Paz, S. (2011). Stress-strain relationship in axial compression for concrete using recycled saturated coarse aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 25(5), 2335-2342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.031
  5. Belin, P., Habert, G., Thiery, M., & Thiery, M. (2013). Cement paste content and water absorption of recycled concrete coarse aggregates. Materials and Structures, 1-15. doi: 10.1617/s11527-013-0128-z.
  6. Carreira, D. J., & Chu, K.-H. (1985). Stress-strain relationship for plain concrete in compression. ACI Materials Journal, 82(6), 797-804.
  7. Casuccio, M., Torrijos, M.-C., Giaccio, G., & Zerbino, R. (2008). Failure mechanism of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 22(7), 1500-1506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.03.032
  8. Cedolin, L., & Cusatis, G. (2008). Identification of concrete fracture parameters through size effect experiments. Cement & Concrete Composites, 30(9), 788-797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.05.007
  9. de Juan, M.-S., & Gutirrez, P.-A. (2009). Study on the influence of attached mortar content on the properties of recycled concrete aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 23(2), 872-877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.04.012
  10. Dhonde, H.-B., Mo, Y.-L., Hsu, T. T.-C., & Vogel, J. (2007). Fresh and hardened properties of self-consolidating fiberreinforced concrete. ACI Journal, 104(5), 491-500.
  11. Djerbi Tegguer, A. (2012). Determining the water absorption of recycled aggregates utilizing hydrostatic weighing approach. Construction and Building Materials, 27(1), 112-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.018
  12. Domingo-Cabo, A., Lazaro, C., Lopez-Gayarre, F., Serrano-Lopez, M. A., Serna, P., & Castano-Tabares, J. O. (2009). Creep and shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 23(7), 2545-2553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.018
  13. Dong, Z., & Keru, W. (2001). Fracture properties of highstrength concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 13(1), 86-88. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2001)13:1(86)
  14. El-Hilali, A. (2009). Experimental study of the rheology and the behaviour and self-compacting concrete (SCC): Influence of limestone filler and vegetable fibres (p. 200). PhD Thesis, University of Cergy-Pontoise (in French).
  15. Etxeberria, M., Vazquez, E., Mari, A., & Barra, M. (2007). Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(5), 735-742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.002
  16. Evangelista, L., & de Brito, J. (2007). Mechanical behaviour of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Cement & Concrete Composites, 29(5), 397-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.12.004
  17. Fares, H. (2009). Mechanical and physico-chemical properties of self compacting concrete exposed to heigh temperatures (p. 206). PhD Thesis, University of Cergy-Pontoise (in French).
  18. Gesoglu, M., Guneyisi, E., & O zturan, T. (2002). Effects of end conditions on compressive strength and static elastic modulus of very high strength concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(10), 1545-1550. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00826-8
  19. Gomes, M. & de Brito, J. (2009). Structural concrete with incorporation of coarse recycled concrete and ceramic aggregates: durability performance. Materials and Structures, 42(5), 663-675. doi:10.1617/s11527-008-9411-9).
  20. Gomez-Soberon, J. M. V. (2002). Porosity of recycled concrete with substitution of recycled concrete aggregate: An experimental study. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(8), 1301-1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00795-0
  21. Hacene, S.-M.-A. B., Ghomari, F., Schoefs, F., & Khelidj, A. (2009). Etude experimentale et statistique de l'influence de l'affaissement et de l'air occlus sur la resistance a la compression des betons. Lebanese Science Journal, 10(2), 81-100.
  22. Hansen, T. C., & Boegh, E. (1986). Elasticity and drying shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete. ACI Journal, 82(5), 648-652.
  23. Julio, E., Dias, N., Lourenco, J., & Silva, J. (2006). Feret coefficients for white self-compacting concrete. Materials and Structures, 39(5), 585-591. doi:10.1007/s11527-005-9048-x.
  24. Kang, T. H.-K., Kim, W., Kwak, Y.-K., & Hong, S.-G. (2014). Flexural testing of reinforced concrete beams with recycled concrete aggregates. ACI Structural Journal, 111(3), 607-616.
  25. Karihaloo, B.-L., Abdalla, H.-M., & Xiao, Q.-Z. (2006). Deterministic size effect in the strength of cracked concrete structures. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(1), 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.04.007
  26. Kim, J.-K., Lee, C.-S., Park, C.-K., & Eo, S.-H. (1997). The fracture characteristics of crushed limestone sand concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 27(11), 1719-1729. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00156-7
  27. Kim, J.-K., Lee, Y., & Yi, S.-T. (2004). Fracture characteristics of concrete at early ages. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(3), 507-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.011
  28. Kou, S.-C., Poon, C.-S., & Etxeberria, M. (2011). Influence of recycled aggregates on long term mechanical properties and pore size distribution of concrete. Cement & Concrete Composites, 33(2), 286-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.10.003
  29. Ledee, M. V., de Larrard F., Sedran, T., & Brochu, F.-P. (2004). Essai de compacite des fractions granulaires a la table a secousses-Mode operatoire. M. d. e. no. 61 (p. 13). Paris, France Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees (inFrench).
  30. Li, X. (2008). Recycling and reuse of waste concrete in China: Part I. Material behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53(1-2), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.09.006
  31. Manzi, S.,Mazzotti, C.,&Bignozzi, M. C. (2013). Short and longterm behavior of structural concrete with recycled concrete aggregate. Cement & Concrete Composites, 37, 312-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.01.003
  32. Martinez-Lage, I., Martinez-Abella, F., Vazquez-Herrero, C., & Perez-Ordonez, J.-L. (2012). Properties of plain concrete made with mixed recycled coarse aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, Non Destructive Techniques for Assessment of Concrete, 37, 171-176.
  33. McNeil, K. & Kang T.-K. (2013). Recycled concrete aggregates: A review. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 7(1), 61-69 doi:10.1007/s40069-013-0032-5).
  34. Pereira, P., Evangelista, L., & de Brito, J. (2012). The effect of superplasticisers on the workability and compressive strength of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 28(1), 722-729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.050
  35. Poon, C.-S., Kou S.-C., & Lam, L. (2007). Influence of recycled aggregate on slump and bleeding of fresh concrete. Materials and Structures, 40(9), 981-988. doi: 10.1617/s11527-006-9192-y.
  36. Prasad, M. L. V., Rathish Kumar, P., & Oshima, T. (2009). Development of analytical stress-strain model for glass fiber self compacting concrete. International Journal of Mechanics and Solids, 4(1), 25-37.
  37. Praveen, K., Haq, M.-A., & Kaushik, S.-K. (2004). Early age strength of SCC with large volumes of fly ash. Indian concrete Journal, 78(6), 25-29.
  38. Sedran, T. (1999). Rheologie et Rheometrie des betons: Application aux betons autonivelants (p. 220). Champs-sur-Marne: Ecole nationale des Ponts et Chaussees.
  39. Shannag, M. J. (2000). High strength concrete containing natural pozzolan and silica fume. Cement & Concrete Composites, 22(6), 399-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00037-8
  40. Shen, J., Yurtdas, I. Diagana, G., & Li, A. (2009). Evolution of the uniaxial mechanical behavior of self-compacting concrete (SCC): Effect of the compressive strength. In 27th meeting of civil engineering universities, St. Malo, France.
  41. Suresh Babu, T., Seshagiri Rao, M. V., & Rama Seshu, D. (2008). Mechanical properties and stress-strain behavior of self compacting concrete with and without glass fibres. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing), 9(5), 457-472.
  42. Tam, V. W.-Y., Gao, X. F., Tam, C. M., & Chan, C. H. (2008). New approach in measuring water absorption of recycled aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 22(3), 364-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.009
  43. UNICEM L'Union nationale des industries de carrieres et mate riaux de construction. Reteieved, from http://www.unicem.fr/. Accessed 2013.
  44. UNPG Union Nationale des Producteurs de Granulats. Reteieved, from http://www.unpg.fr/. Accessed 2013.
  45. Wardeh, G., Ghorbel, E., & Mignot, V. (2010). Fracture properties of hybrid fibre self compacting concrete (pp. 219-224). Marianske Lazne: Concrete structures for challenging times.
  46. Wee, T., Chin, M., & Mansur, M. (1996). Stress-strain relationship of high-strength concrete in compression. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 8(2), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1996)8:2(70)
  47. Wu, K.-R., Chen, B., Yao, W., & Zhang, D. (2001). Effect of coarse aggregate type on mechanical properties of highperformance concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(10), 1421-1425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00588-9
  48. Xiao, J., Li, J., & Zhang, C. (2005). Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial loading. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1187-1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.020
  49. Xiao, J., Sun, Y., & Falkner, H. (2006). Seismic performance of frame structures with recycled aggregate concrete. Engineering Structures, 28(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.06.019
  50. Zhao, Z., Kwon, S.-H., & Shah, S.-P. (2008). Effect of specimen size on fracture energy and softening curve of concrete: Part I. Experiments and fracture energy. Cement and Concrete Research, 38(8-9), 1049-1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.017

Cited by

  1. Strength and Durability Evaluation of Recycled Aggregate Concrete vol.9, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-015-0100-0
  2. On Probability Distribution of Chloride Diffusion Coefficient for Recycled Aggregate Concrete vol.10, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-015-0123-6
  3. Enhancement of properties of recycled coarse aggregate concrete using bacteria vol.7, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/19475411.2016.1152322
  4. Elastic modulus of concrete made with recycled aggregates vol.169, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.15.00077
  5. Structural behaviour of prestressed concrete sleepers produced with high performance recycled aggregate concrete vol.50, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0966-6
  6. Fracture process zone characteristics and identification of the micro-fracture phases in recycled concrete vol.181, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.07.004
  7. Toward the Development of Sustainable Concretes with Recycled Concrete Aggregates: Comprehensive Review of Studies on Mechanical Properties vol.30, pp.9, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002304
  8. Five-phase modelling for effective diffusion coefficient of chlorides in recycled concrete vol.70, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.17.00194
  9. Failure risk of recycled aggregates concrete vol.281, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928101017
  10. Shear strength of reinforced concrete beams with recycled aggregates vol.22, pp.8, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433219829815
  11. Mechanical and fracture properties of recycled aggregate concrete in design codes and empirical models vol.20, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201800335
  12. Mechanical Behavior of Recycled Fine Aggregate Concrete with High Slump Property in Normal- and High-Strength vol.13, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-019-0372-x
  13. Evaluation of mechanical properties of concretes containing coarse recycled concrete aggregates using multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), M5 model tree (M5Tree), and least squares support vol.32, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-018-3630-y
  14. Mechanical behavior and constitutive relationship of the three types of recycled coarse aggregate concrete based on standard classification vol.22, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00922-5
  15. Performance of Seawater-Mixed Recycled-Aggregate Concrete vol.32, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002999
  16. Evaluation of conventional and equivalent mortar volume mix design methods for recycled aggregate concrete vol.53, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-020-1457-3
  17. Generation and Numerical Analysis of Random Aggregate Structures in Recycled Concrete Aggregate Systems vol.32, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003113
  18. Formulation parameters effects on the performances of concrete equivalent mortars incorporating different ratios of recycled sand vol.43, pp.6, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/1744259119896093
  19. Incorporating recycled aggregates in self-compacting concrete: a review vol.9, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2019.1706205
  20. Effect of Aggregate Type and Specimen Configuration on Concrete Compressive Strength vol.10, pp.7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10070625
  21. Mixture Optimization of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Using Hybrid Machine Learning Model vol.13, pp.19, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194331
  22. Combined effects of supplementary cementitious materials (silica fume, GGBS, fly ash and rice husk ash) and steel fiber on the hardened properties of recycled aggregate concrete vol.263, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120636
  23. Experimental and numerical investigation on axial compression of reinforced concrete columns made from recycled coarse and fine aggregates vol.22, pp.suppl1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.202000035
  24. Mechanical Performance of Bio-Based FRP-Confined Recycled Aggregate Concrete under Uniaxial Compression vol.14, pp.7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071778
  25. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Treated Recycled Aggregate Concretes: Combination of Mechanical Treatment and Silica Fume vol.33, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003658
  26. Effect of crack and damaged zone on chloride penetration in recycled aggregate concrete: A seven-phase mesoscale numerical method vol.291, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123383
  27. Toward a codified design of recycled aggregate concrete structures: Background for the new FIB MODEL CODE 2020 AND EUROCODE 2 vol.22, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.202000512
  28. Mechanical and durability properties of steel fiber‐reinforced concrete containing coarse recycled concrete aggregate vol.22, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.202100028