Science of Emotion and Sensibility (감성과학)

Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility (한국감성과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Influence of Cultural Similarity and Empathy on Helping Intention: Testing the Moderated Mediating Effect of Cosmopolitanism

문화유사 및 공감이 도움의향에 미치는 영향: 세계시민주의의 조절된 매개효과 검증

  • 이창환 (연세대학교 인지과학협동과정) ;
  • 손영우 (연세대학교 심리학과) ;
  • 임혜빈 (광운대학교 산업심리학과)
  • Received : 2015.08.18
  • Accepted : 2015.10.23
  • Published : 2015.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Prior research suggested that people generally show stronger intentions to help in-group members because people experience higher levels of empathy for those who are similar to themselves. The present research demonstrated that one's levels of cosmopolitanism would moderate the mediating role of empathy on the relationship between cultural similarities and helping intentions. In particular, it was examined how the mediator (empathy) affected the relation between cultural similarity and helping intention for participants with low to high levels of cosmopolitanism. Results indicated that participants with lower levels of cosmopolitanism showed stronger empathy as targets are more culturally similar to participants' own culture. Participants with higher levels of cosmopolitanism, however, reported the same levels of empathy regardless of targets' cultural similarity. The implications and limitations of the results were discussed.

기존 심리학 연구에 의하면, 사람들이 본인과 유사한 대상에게 더 높은 수준의 도움을 제공하고자 하는 까닭은 본인과 유사한 내집단 구성원에게 더 높은 공감을 경험하기 때문이다. 본 연구는 이와 같은 도움의향에 있어서의 내집단 편향의 크기를 매개하는 공감의 효과를 세계시민주의 수준이 조절하는지를 검증하기 위하여 실시되었다. 본 연구에서 참가자들은 문화 유사성 수준이 각기 다른 국가 출신의 교환 학생들에 대한 설명을 읽고, 공감 수준과 도움의향, 세계시민주의 성향을 측정하는 문항에 응답하였다. 연구 결과, 도움을 필요로 하는 대상과의 문화 유사성과 도움의향의 관계를 공감이 매개한다는 사실이 확인되었으며, 문화 유사성과 공감의 매개 모형에 있어서의 세계시민주의의 조절효과가 지지되었다. 구체적으로, 세계시민주의 의식이 낮은 사람 참가자들은 대상과의 문화 유사성이 높을 때 더 높은 공감 수준을 보였지만, 세계시민주의 의식이 높은 참가자들은 대상과의 문화 유사성이 높고 낮음과 관계없이 도움이 필요한 대상에게 유사한 수준의 공감 수준을 보여주는 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. Andreoni, J. (2006). Philanthropy. In: S. C. Kolm, & J. M. Ythier (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of giving, altruism and reciprocity: Foundations, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1201-1269.
  2. Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  3. Basch, M. F. (1983). Empathic understanding: A review of the concept and some theoretical considerations. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 31(1), 101-126 https://doi.org/10.1177/000306518303100104
  4. Batson, C. D. (2014). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. New York: Psychology Press.
  5. Bertrand, M. & Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. The American Economic Review, 94(4), 991-1013. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828042002561
  6. Carpusor, A. G. & Loges, W. E. (2006). Rental discrimination and ethnicity in names. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(4), 934-952. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00050.x
  7. Carson, E. (1990). Patterns of giving in Black churches. In: R. Wuthnow, & V. A. Hodgkinson, Faith and philanthropy in America: Exploring the role of religion in America's voluntary sector, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc Pub, 232-252.
  8. Chi, E. L. & Sun, K. S. (2007). Analyzing the construct of global citizenship and related variables (연구논문:세계시민의식 구성요인 탐색 및 관련변인 분석), Theory and Research in Citizenship Education, 39(4), 115-134.
  9. Cuddy, A. J., Rock, M. S., & Norton, M. I. (2007). Aid in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: Inferences of secondary emotions and intergroup helping. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(1), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207071344
  10. Dijker, A. J. M. (1987). Emotional reactions to ethnic minorities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17(3), 1105-1117.
  11. Foster, V., Mourato, S., Pearce, D., & Ozdemiroglu, E. (2001). The price of virtue: The economic value of the charitable sector. Northampton: Edward Elgar.
  12. Freeman, R. B. (1997). Working for nothing: The supply of volunteer labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 15(1), 140-166. https://doi.org/10.1086/209859
  13. Frey, B. S. & Meier, S. (2004). Pro-social behavior in a natural setting. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 54(1), 65-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2003.10.001
  14. Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., & Johnson, G. (1982). Race of victim, nonresponsive bystanders, and helping behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 117(1), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1982.9713409
  15. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
  16. Hein, G., Silani, G., Preuschoff, K., Batson, C. D., & Singer, T. (2010). Neural responses to ingroup and outgroup members' suffering predict individual differences in costly helping. Neuron, 68(1), 149-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.003
  17. Hogg, M. A. & Hardie, E. A. (1991). Social attraction, personal attraction, and self-categorization-, A field study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(2), 175-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616729101700209
  18. Jackson, L. A. & Sullivan, L. A. (1989). Cognition and affect in evaluations of stereotyped group members. Journal of Social Psychology, 129(5), 659-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1989.9713783
  19. Jamieson, D. W. & Zanna, M. P. (2014). Need for structure in attitude formation and expression. In: A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald, Attitude structure and function, New York: Psychology Press, 383-406.
  20. Jung, J. Y. & Han, S. H. (2011). The review of neural basis for prosocial moral motivation and moral decision-making (친사회적-도덕적 동기 및 도덕적 의사결정의 신경학적 기제에 대한 개관 연구), Korean Journal of the Science of Emotion & Sensibility, 14(4), 555-570.
  21. Kruglanski, A. W. & Freund, T. (1983). The freezing and unfreezing of lay-inferences: Effects on impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping, and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(5), 448-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(83)90022-7
  22. Lee, S. J., Yeon, B. Y., & Koo, S. H. (2010). Impacts of framing and the interaction with involvement on responses toward the campain of helping the hungry abroad (국제 기아 돕기 캠페인의 효과에 미치는 긍.부정 프레이밍과 관여도의 영향-상호작용을 중심으로), Korean Journal of the Science of Emotion & Sensibility, 13(1), 147-162.
  23. Motyl, M., Hart, J., Pyszczynski, T., Weise, D., Maxfield, M., & Siedel, A. (2011). Subtle priming of shared human experiences eliminates threatinduced negativity toward Arabs, immigrants, and peace-making. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1179-1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.010
  24. Nussbaum, M. (2010). Patriotism and cosmopolitanism. The cosmopolitan reader, Cambridge: Polity.
  25. Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., & Schroeder, D. A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 365-392. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141
  26. Pharoah, C., Walker, C., Goodey, L., Wilding, K., Wainwright, S., & Piper, G. (2006). UK giving 2005/06: Results of the 2005/06 survey of individual charitable giving in the UK. Kent: Charities Aid Foundation.
  27. Piliavin, J. A. & Callero, P. L. (1991). Giving blood:The development of an altruistic identity. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
  28. Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170701341316
  29. Reysen, S. & Katzarska-Miller, I. (2013). A model of global citizenship: Antecedents and outcomes. International Journal of Psychology, 48(5), 858-870. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.701749
  30. Rimor, M. & Tobin, G. A. (1990). Jewish giving patterns to Jewish and non-Jewish philanthropy. In: R. Wuthnow, & V. A. Hodgkinson, Faith and Philanthropy in America: Exploring the Role of Religion in America's Voluntary Sector, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Base Inc Pub, 134-164.
  31. Stephan, W. G. & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 157-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x
  32. Straume, S. & Odeen, M. (2010). International and domestic altruism: A study among the adult population in Norway. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(3), 618-635. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00590.x
  33. Sturmer, S., Snyder, M., Kropp, A., & Siem, B. (2006). Empathy motivated helping: The moderating role of group membership. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(7), 943-956. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206287363
  34. Tadmor, C. T., Hong, Y. Y., Chao, M. M., Wiruchnipawan, F., & Wang, W. (2012). Multicultural experiences reduce intergroup bias through epistemic unfreezing. Journal of personality and social psychology, 103(5), 750. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029719
  35. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Cambridge: Brasil Blackwell.
  36. Uhlmann, E. L. & Cohen, G. L. (2007). I think it, therefore it's true: Effects of self-perceived objectivity on hiring discrimination. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104(2), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.07.001
  37. Vertovec, S. & Cohen, R. (2002). Conceiving cosmopolitanism: Theory, context and practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.