더 나은 사회를 위한 과학을 향하여: 사회에 책임지는 연구혁신(RRI)의 현황과 함의

Toward Science for Better Society: The Present and Implications of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI)

  • 투고 : 2015.11.06
  • 심사 : 2015.12.20
  • 발행 : 2015.12.31

초록

사회에 책임지는 연구와 혁신(RRI)은 과학기술을 단지 경제성장의 도구를 넘어 더 나은 사회(better society)를 위한 도구로 자리매김하기 위한 이론적 방법론적 프레임워크로 한창 논의중인 개념이다. RRI는 연구와 혁신에 수반되는 책임의 범위를 연구과정뿐 아니라 연구의 목적과 동기 나아가 연구결과에 대한 책임으로까지 확장한다. 또 이러한 책임을 구체적으로 실현하기 위한 방법론적 프레임워크로 예견, 성찰, 숙의/포괄성, 책임이라는 네 가지의 상호 연관된 개념을 제시하고 있다. RRI는 단지 이론적 논의에 머무는 것이 아니라 이미 다양한 수준에서 실천되고 있다. 이에 이 연구는 STIR와 SPICE라는 두 연구프로젝트와 영국의 EPSRC, 네덜란드 MVI, 한국의 사회문제 해결형 연구개발사업과 같은 사례를 통해 RRI가 어떻게 기존의 혁신정책 및 연구개발사업을 성찰적으로 반성하고 새로운 대안을 제시하는 방향타 역할을 하고 있는지를 논의한다.

Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is a concept emerging rapidly as a theoretical and methodological framework to shape science for better society, instead of merely for economic growth. While the responsibility of science usually means ethics of researchers in the process of research, RRI extends the concept of the responsibility by claiming that researchers should be responsible for the purpose and outcome of research as well. In addition, RRI proposes four interconnected concepts of anticipation, reflectivity, deliberativeness/inclusiveness, and responsibility as a methodological framework to achieve these tasks. However, RRI is not merely a theoretical concept but has been already practiced at many levels in real world. We discuss how RRI has been practiced and played important roles in reflecting on research and innovation policies in the past and guiding new policies by examining two research projects, STIR and SPICE, and three national R&D programs, EPSRC's embracement of RRI in the Britain, MVI in the Netherlands, and R&D for social problem-solving in Korea.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. 국가과학기술위원회 (2012), 신과학기술 프로그램 추진전략.
  2. 성지은.송위진.정병걸.김민수.박미영.정연진 (2012), 지속가능한 과학기술혁신 거버넌스 발전 방안, STEPI 정책연구.
  3. 성지은.송위진.김왕동.김종선.정병걸.박미영.박인용.정연진 (2013), 저성장 시대의 효과적인 기술혁신지원제도, STEPI 정책연구.
  4. 송위진 (2006), 기술혁신과 과학기술정책, 르네상스.
  5. 송위진.성지은 (2013a), 사회문제 해결을 위한 과학기술혁신정책, 한울아카데미.
  6. 송위진.성지은 (2013b). 사회문제 해결형 혁신과 사회-기술기획: 현황과 과제, 과학기술학연구 제13권 제2호, pp. 111-236.
  7. 송위진.성지은.김종선.장영배.정병걸.이은경 (2014), 사회문제 해결형 혁신에서 사용자 참여 활성화 방안: 사회.기술시스템 전환의 관점, STEPI 정책연구.
  8. 알랜 어윈(A. Irwin) 김명진.김병수.김병윤 번역 (2001), 시민과학: 과학은 시민에게 복무하고 있는가?, 당대.
  9. 우태민.박범순 (2013), Post-ELSI 지형도: 합성생물학 거버넌스와 '수행되지 않는 사회과학' 합성생물학, 과학기술학연구 제14권 제2호, pp. 85-125.
  10. 울리히 벡(Ulrich Beck), 홍성태 번역 (1997), 위험사회, 새물결.
  11. 이영희 (2011), 과학기술과 민주주의: 시민을 위한, 시민에 의한 과학기술, 문학과지성사.
  12. 한국연구재단 (2014), 사회문제 해결형 기술개발사업 설명서.
  13. 한재각.장영배, (2009), 과학기술 시민참여의 새로운 유형: 수행되지 않은 과학 하기. 과학기술학연구 제9권 제1호: 1-31.
  14. Alix, J-P. (2014), "An Abridged Genealogy of the RRI Concept", Euroscientist http://www.euroscientist.com/abridgedgenealogy-rri-concept/
  15. Callon, M., Lascoumes, P. & Barthe, Y. (2011), Acting in an Uncertain World: An Essay on Technical Democracy, Cambridge, MIT Press.
  16. Davies, S. R. & Horst, M. (2015), "Responsible Innovation in the US, UK and Denmark: Governance Landscapes", in B.-J. Koops et al. eds., Responsible Innovation 2: Concepts, Approaches, and Application, pp. 37-56, New York, Springer.
  17. Fisher, E. & Rip, A. (2013), "Responsible Innovation: Multi-Level Dynamics and Soft Intervention Practices" in Owen, R., Bessant, J. & Heintz, M. eds., Responsible Innovation: Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society. pp. 165-183, West Sussex: Wiley.
  18. Guston, D. H. (2010), "Understanding of 'anticipatory governance.' Social Studies of Science, Vol 44, pp. 218-242.
  19. Hess, D. (2007), Alternative Pathways in Science and Industry: Activism, Innovation, and the Environment in an Era of Globalization, Cambridge, MIT Press.
  20. Irwin, A. (2008), "STS Perspectives on Scientific Governance", in Hacket, E. J., Amsterdamska, O., Lynch, M. W., Wajcman, J. & Bijker, W. E. eds., pp.583-607, The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, Cambridge, MIT Press.
  21. Koops, B.-J. (2015), "The Concepts, Approaches, and Applications of Responsible Innovation." In Koops, B.-J. et al. ed., Responsible Innovation 2: Concepts, Approaches, and Applications, pp. 1-15, New York, Springer.
  22. Owen, R. & Goldberg, N. (2010), "Responsible Innovation: A Pilot Study with the U.K. Engineering and Physical Science Research Council", Risk Analysis Vol. 30, pp. 1699-1707. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01517.x
  23. Owen, R., Macnaghten, P. & Stilgoe, J. (2012), "Responsible research and innovation: From science in society to science for society, with society." Science and Public Policy Vol. 39, pp. 751-760. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs093
  24. Owen, R., Stilgoe, J., Macnaghten, P., Gorman, M., Fisher, E., & Guston, D. (2013), "A Framework for Responsible Innovation." In Owen, R., Bessant, J. & Heintz, M. eds., Responsible Innovation: Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society, pp. 27-50, West Sussex, Wiley.
  25. Schermer, M(2009), "Telecare and self-management: opportunity to change the paradigm?", Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 35, No. 11, pp. 688-691. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2009.030973
  26. Schomberg, R. (2013), "A Vision of Responsible Research and Innovation." In Owen, R., Bessant, J. & Heintz, M. ed., Responsible Innovation: Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society, pp.51-74, West Sussex, Wiley.
  27. Stilgoe, J. (2011), "A Question of Intent", Nature Climate Change Vol 1, pp. 325-326. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1225
  28. Stilgoe, J., Owen, R. & Macnaghten, P. (2013), "Developing a Framework for Responsible Innovation", Research Policy, Vol. 42, pp. 1568-1580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.05.008
  29. Sutcliffe, F. (2011), A Report on Responsible Research and Innovation for European Commission. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
  30. Svedin, U. (2009), New Worlds-New Solutions: Final Report on the Swedish EU Presidency Conference.
  31. Technology Strategy Board (2012), Responsible Innovation Framework for Commercialization of Research Findings. (http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130221185318/www.innovateuk.org/_assets/responsible_innovation.pdf, accessed in 2015.6.10.)
  32. Valdivia, W. D. & Guston, D. H. (2015), Responsible Innovation: A Primer for Policymakers. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute. "Research" , https://www.epsrc.ac.uk/research/