Journal of the Korean earth science society (한국지구과학회지)

The Korean Earth Science Society (한국지구과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

An Analysis of Oceanic Current Maps of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in Secondary School Science Textbooks

중등학교 과학교과서의 황해 및 동중국해 해류도 분석

  • Park, Kyung-Ae (Department of Earth Science Education/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University) ;
  • Park, Ji-Eun (Department of Science Education, Seoul National University) ;
  • Choi, Byoung-Ju (Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University) ;
  • Lee, Sang-Ho (Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University) ;
  • Lee, Eunil (Ocean Research Division, Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration) ;
  • Byun, Do-Seong (Oceanographic Observation Division, Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration) ;
  • Kim, Young-Taeg (Ocean Research Division, Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration)
  • 박경애 (서울대학교 지구과학교육과/해양연구소) ;
  • 박지은 (서울대학교 과학교육과) ;
  • 최병주 (군산대학교 해양학과) ;
  • 이상호 (군산대학교 해양학과) ;
  • 이은일 (국립해양조사원 해양과학조사연구실) ;
  • 변도성 (국립해양조사원 해양관측과) ;
  • 김영택 (국립해양조사원 해양과학조사연구실)
  • Received : 2014.07.14
  • Accepted : 2014.09.25
  • Published : 2014.10.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Since the unification of the diverse oceanic current maps of the East Sea in secondary school science textbooks has recently been accomplished, there have been increasing requirements for the production of a current map of the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS). This study, as its first attempt, facilitated the prospective production process of the unified oceanic current maps in YS and ECS by analyzing the maps of scientific articles and those of the present textbooks as of 2014. First of all, the analogue current maps of the textbooks and scientific articles were digitalized to retrieve the characteristics of current maps quantitatively and to make intercomparison of the maps. The currents of both YS and ECS such as the Kuroshio Current, the Taiwan Warm Current, the Tsushima Warm Current, the Yellow Sea Warm Current, the Chinese Coastal Current, the Korea Coastal Current, and the Changjiang River Flow were selected and analyzed. We made 18 items to investigate the paths of the currents. Analyses of the oceanic current maps of secondary school science textbooks and scientific articles with respect to the selected criteria revealed that the current maps of the textbooks were considerably different from the up-to-date knowledge of the current maps acquired from the scientific articles. In addition, since the currents of YS and ECS have strong seasonality, we suggest that they should be presented with at least two current maps for summer and winter in the textbooks, which may go through active discussions among experts.

다양한 중등학교 과학교과서 동해 해류도의 통일이 최근에 완성됨에 따라 황해와 동중국해의 해류도 제작에 대한 요구가 증대되고 있다. 이 연구는 그 첫 단계로서 과학 논문과 2014년 현행 교과서의 해류도들을 분석하여 향후 황해와 동중국해의 통일된 해류도를 제작하는 과정을 촉진시키고자 하였다. 우선 교과서와 과학 논문의 아날로그 해류도들을 수치화하여 해류도의 특성을 정량적으로 조사하였고 해류도들을 상호 비교하였다. 쿠로시오해류, 대만난류, 대마난류, 황해난류, 중국연안류, 한국연안류, 양쯔강 유출류와 같이 황해와 동중국해의 해류들을 선정하고 정의하였다. 이 해류들의 경로를 조사하기 위하여 18개의 세부 항목을 만들고 이를 분석에 활용하였다. 각 세부항목에 대하여 교과서와 과학 논문 해류도들을 분석한 결과, 교과서 해류도들은 과학 논문으로부터 획득한 해류에 관한 최근의 지식과 상당한 차이를 나타내었다. 또한 황해와 동중국해 해류는 계절에 따라 크게 변화하므로 해류 전문가들의 활발한 토의를 통하여 교과서 해류도를 적어도 여름철과 겨울철로 구분하여 제시해야 할 것이다.

Keywords

References

  1. Barkley, R.A., 1970, The Kuroshio Current. Science Journal, 6, 54-60.
  2. Beardsley, R.C., Limeburner, R., Kentang, L., Dunxin, H., Cannon, G.A., and Pashinski, D.J., 1983, Structure of the Changjiang River plume in the East China Sea during June 1980. Proceedings of international symposium on sedimentation on the continental shelf, with special reference to the East China Sea, Vol. 1. China Ocean Press, Beijing, China, 265-284.
  3. Beardsley, R.C., Limeburner, R., Kim, K., and Candela, J., 1992, Lagrangian flow observations in the East China, Yellow and Japan Seas. La Mer, 30, 297-314.
  4. Beardsley, R.C., Limeburner, R., Yu, H., and Cannon, G.A., 1985, Discharge of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) into the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 4, 57-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(85)90022-6
  5. Chae, D.H., 2010, Pre-service secondary teachers' responses on definitions, illustrations, experiments of adiabatic change in earth science I textbooks. Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society, 31, 762-771. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.5467/JKESS.2010.31.7.762
  6. Chang, K.I., Suk, M.S., Pang, I.C., and Teague, W.J., 2000, Observations of the Cheju Current. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, 35, 129-152.
  7. Chang, P.H. and Isobe, A., 2003, A numerical study on the Changjiang diluted water in the Yellow and East China Seas. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 3299, doi: 10.1029/2002JC001749.
  8. Chen, C.S., Beardsley, R.C., and Limeburner, R., 1992, The structure of the Kuroshio southwest of Kyushu: Velocity, transports and potential vorticity fields. Deep-Sea Research, 39, 245-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(92)90108-6
  9. Chen, C.S., Beardsley, R.C., Limeburner, R., and Kim, K., 1994, Comparison of winter and summer hydrographic observations in the Yellow and East China seas and adjacent Kuroshio during 1986. Continental Shelf Research, 14, 909-929. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(94)90079-5
  10. Chen, C.T.A., 2008, Distributions of nutrients in the East China Sea and the South China Sea connection. Journal of Oceanography, 64, 737-751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-008-0062-9
  11. Chen, C.T.A. and Sheu, D.D., 2006, Does the Taiwan Warm Current originate in the Taiwan Strait in wintertime? Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, C04005, doi:10.1029/2005JC003281.
  12. Choi, B.G., Lee, H.S., Choo, B.S., Moon, B.K., So, Y.M., Lee, J.E., Lee, J.E., and Cho, M.A., 2011, High school earth science I. Chunjae Education, Seoul, Korea, 146p. (in Korean)
  13. Choi, B.H. and Lie, H.J., 1992, Physical oceanography program of the East China Sea and the East Sea (Japan Sea) dynamics in Korea. Proceedings of the PORSEC- '92 in Okinawa, PORSEC Secretariat, Shimizu, Japan, 1-28.
  14. Choi, S.I. and Cho, H.H., 1987, An analysis of misconceptions about the concepts of cell-division, reproduction and fertilization in high school biology textbook I. Journal of the Korean Association for Science Education, 7, 19-31. (in Korean)
  15. Chu, P., Chen, Y., and Kuninaka, A., 2005, Seasonal variability of the Yellow Sea/East China Sea surface fluxes and thermohaline structure. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 22, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02930865
  16. Driver, R., Guesne, E., and Tiberghien, A., 1985, Children's ideas in science. Open University Press, Philadelphia, USA, 208 p.
  17. Fang, G.H., Zhao, B.R., and Zhu, Y.H., 1991, Water volume transport through the Taiwan Strait and the continental shelf of the East China Sea measured with current meters. Oceanography of Asian Marginal Seas, 54, 345-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0422-9894(08)70107-7
  18. Guan, B., 1994, Patterns and structures of the currents in Bohai, Huanghai and East China Seas. In Zhou, D., Liang, Y.B., and Zeng, C.K. (eds.), Oceanology of China Seas, Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 17-26.
  19. Guan, B., 2002, Winter counter-wind current off the Southeastern China Coast. China Ocean University Press, Qingdao, China, 267 p. (in Chinese)
  20. Guan, B. and Fang, G., 2006, Winter counter-wind currents off the southeastern China coast: A review. Journal of Oceanography, 62, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-006-0028-8
  21. Guan, B.X., 1962, Some problems concerning the study of the current structure of the near-shore area of China Sea. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 4, 121-141. (in Chinese)
  22. Guan, B.X. and Chen, S.J., 1964, The current systems in the Near-Sea Area of China Seas. Report of comprehensive oceanographic survey in Chinese Oceans in 1958, 85 p. (in Chinese)
  23. Guo, X., Miyazawa, Y., Hukuda, H., and Yamagata, T., 2001, Tracer experiments on the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current. Proceedings of the 11th PAMS/JECSS Workshop, Cheju, Korea, 45-47.
  24. Hansen, D.V. and Poulain, P.M., 1996, Quality control and interpolations of WOCE-TOGA drifter data. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 13, 900-909. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0900:QCAIOW>2.0.CO;2
  25. Hsueh, Y. and Pang, I.C., 1989, Coastally trapped long waves in the Yellow Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 19, 612-625. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1989)019<0612:CTLWIT>2.0.CO;2
  26. Hsueh, Y. and Yuan, D., 1997, A numerical study of the currents, heat advection and sea level fluctuations in the Yellow Sea in winter 1986. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 27, 2313-2326. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<2313:ANSOCH>2.0.CO;2
  27. Hsueh, Y., 1988, Recent current observations in the eastern Yellow Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 6875-6884. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC093iC06p06875
  28. Hsueh, Y., Lie, H.J., and Ichikawa, H., 1996, On the branching of the Kuroshio west of Kyushu. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 3851-3857. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC03754
  29. Hu, D., 1994, Some striking features of circulation in Huanghai Sea and East China Sea. In Zhou, D., Liang, Y.B., and Zeng, C.K. (eds.), Oceanology of China Seas, Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 27-38.
  30. Hu, J., Kawamura, H., Li, C., Hong, H., and Jiang, Y., 2010, Review on current and seawater volume transport through the Taiwan Strait. Journal of Oceanography, 66, 591-610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-010-0049-1
  31. Hyun, J.O., Kim, H.S., Yoon, H.K., Kang, T.W., Choi, W.S., Han, I.O., Park, M.Y., Kim, K.S., Ji, J.H., Kim, B.I., Kim, M.K., Son, Y.A., Lee, T.W., Cho, H.S., Park, C.Y., Yoon, M.S., and Lee, J.E., 2013, Middle school 7th grade science. Truebook Sinsago, Seoul, Korea, 297 p. (in Korean)
  32. Ichikawa, H. and Beardsley, R.C., 2002, The current system in the Yellow and East China Seas. Journal of Oceanography, 58, 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015876701363
  33. Isobe, A., 1999, On the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current and its seasonality. Continental Shelf Research, 19, 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(98)00065-X
  34. Isobe, A., 2008, Recent Advances in ocean-circulation research on the Yellow Sea and East China Sea shelves. Journal of Oceanography, 64, 569-584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-008-0048-7
  35. Isobe, A. and Imawaki, S., 2002, Annual variation of the Kuroshio transport in a two-layer numerical model with a ridge. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32, 994-1009. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<0994:AVOTKT>2.0.CO;2
  36. Jacobs, G.A., Hur, H.B., and Riedlinger, S.K., 2000, Yellow and East China seas response to winds and currents. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 21947-21968, doi:10.1029/2000JC900093.
  37. Jan, S., Wang, J., Chern, C.S., and Chao, S.Y., 2002, Seasonal variation of the circulation in the Taiwan Strait. Journal of Marine Systems, 35, 249-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00130-6
  38. Kawai, H., 1998, A brief history of recognition of the Kuroshio. Progress in Oceanography, 41, 505-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(98)00024-X
  39. Kim, C.J., Kim, S.H., Hyun, J.O., Kim, H.S., Kim, H.B., Cho, H.S., Song, J.W., Park, M.Y., Kim, K.S., Yoon, M.S., Kim, M.K., and Lee, T.W., 2012, Middle school 9th grade science. Doosan Dong-A, Seoul, Korea, 349 p. (in Korean)
  40. Kim, K., Kim, Y.B., Park, J.J., Nam, S.H., Park, K.A., and Chang, K.I., 2005, Long-term and real-time monitoring system of the East/Japan Sea. Ocean Science Journal, 40, 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03023463
  41. Kim, S.J., Kim, T.I., Ahn, H.S., Choi, M.H., Kim, H.S., Kim, H.K., Oh, H.S., Bae, M.J., Lee, J.A., Lee, J.W., Ryu, H.G., and Choi, K.S., 2012, Middle school 9th grade science. Mirae-N, Seoul, Korea, 296 p. (in Korean)
  42. Kim, S.W., Heo, H.S., Jeong, S.M., Lee, Y.H., Park, I.S., Lee, S.K., Lee, M.S., Lee, S.W., and Ko, S.Y., 2012, Middle school 9th grade science. Dubaebook, Seoul, Korea, 330 p. (in Korean)
  43. Kondo, M., 1985, Oceanographic investigations of fishing grounds in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea I. Characteristics of the mean temperature and salinity distributions measured at 50 m and near the bottom. Bulletin of the Seikai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, 62, 19-66. (in Japanese)
  44. Kook, D.S., 2003, An analysis of 10th grade science textbook as an origin of misconception on greenhouse effect concept. Journal of the Korean Association for Science Education, 23, 592-598. (in Korean)
  45. Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, 1987, Oceanographic atlas of Korean waters, Yellow Sea. Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Seoul, Korea, 147 p.
  46. Kuang, G.R., Zhang, Q., and Dai, Y.Z., 1991, Observation of long-term currents and analysis of residual currents in central Bohai Sea. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 2, 1-11. (in Chinese)
  47. Le, K. and Mao, H., 1990, Wintertime structures of temperature and salinity of the southern Huanghai (Yellow) Sea and its current systems. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 21, 505-515. (in Chinese)
  48. Lee, J.S., Kim, S.H., Kim, H.R., Kim, H.S., Park, K.T., Park, M.S., Park, S.Y., Park, Y.O., Bae, M.J., Song, S.J., Lee, S.H., Lim, H., Jeong, D.H., and Hong, J.E., 2013, Middle school 7th grade science. Doosan Dong-A, Seoul, Korea, 338 p. (in Korean)
  49. Lee, J.Y., Noh, S.H., Baek, J.M., Nam, K.S., Lee, B.Y., Kang, D.H., Kim, J.S., Lee, Y.C., Hwang, I.S., Lim, T.H., Ko, H.D., and Shin, M.Y., 2012, Middle school 9th grade science. Visang Education, Seoul, Korea, 343 p. (in Korean)
  50. Lee, K.S., Kim, S.J., Kim, T.I., Ahn, H.S., Park, K.Y., Choi, M.H., Kim, H.S., Kim, H.K., Kwon, H.S., Park, H.Y., Lee, J.M., Oh, H.S., Cho, H.J., Yoon, H.J., Jeong, H.C., Lee, J.W., Ryu, H.G., Choi, K.S., Moon, M.H., and Oh, M.J., 2013, Middle school 7th grade science. Mirae-N, Seoul, Korea, 303 p. (in Korean)
  51. Lee, K.Y., 2007, Comparative analysis of the function and structure of photographs and illustrations used in high school earth science textbooks of the 6th and 7th national curriculum. Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society, 28, 811-824. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.5467/JKESS.2007.28.7.811
  52. Lee, M.W., Chang, B.K., Ryu, S.H., Cho, Y.G., Noh, S.G., Lee, J.H., Jang, C.H., Lee, B.R., Kang, H.J., Han, E.K., Lee, S.J., Kim, Y.G., and Lee, Y.J., 2013, Middle school 7th grade science. Chunjae Education, Seoul, Korea, 348 p. (in Korean)
  53. Lee, M.W., Kim, M.H., Ryu, S.H., Park, J.A., Noh, S.G., Lee, J.H., Jang, C.H., Lee, B.R., Kang, H.J., Cho, E.K., Park, J.W., Kim, Y.G., and Hwang, S.K., 2012, Middle school 9th grade science. Chunjae Education, Seoul, Korea, 350 p. (in Korean)
  54. Lee, M.W., Kwon, S.M., Kim, K.S., Lee, H.N., Chae, K.P., Kwak, Y.J., Kang, C.H., Ha, Y.K., Cho, E.M., Cho, H.S., Kwon, Y.J., Lee, I.S., and Kim, D.J., 2013, Middle school 7th grade science. Kumsung, Seoul, Korea, 292 p. (in Korean)
  55. Lee, S.H. and Beardsley, R.C., 1999, Influence of stratification on residual tidal currents in the Yellow Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 15679-15701. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900108
  56. Lee, S.I., Cho, B.J., Jeon, B.H., Nam, K.S., Hwang, S.Y., Kim, Y.H., Eo, J.Y., Noh, D.K., Kim, K.T., Baek, S.Y., Kim, C.W., Kim, Y.G., Park, R.W., Shin, S.J., and Kwon, O.S., 2013, Middle school 7th grade science. Jihaksa, Seoul, Korea, 337 p. (in Korean)
  57. Lee, S.M., Chae, K.P, Nam, K.W., Noh, T.H., Seo, I.H., Kang, S.J., Kim, Y.S., Geum, J.H., Moon, K.W., Lee, M.W., Kwon, S.M., and Son, Y.W., 2012, Middle school 9th grade science. Kumsung, Seoul, Korea, 308 p. (in Korean)
  58. Lee, T.W., Park, S.I., Kim, W.S., Kang, S.C., Lee, Y.J., Lee, H.K., Chang, H.Y., and Kim, B.N., 2011, High school earth science I. Kyohak, Seoul, Korea, 146 p. (in Korean)
  59. Li, G., Han, X., Yue, S., Wen, G., Rongmin, Y., and Kusky, T.M., 2006, Monthly variations of water masses in the East China Seas. Continental Shelf Research, 26, 1954-1970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.06.008
  60. Lie, H.J., 1986, Summertime hydrographic features in the southeastern Hwanghae. Progress in Oceanography, 17, 229-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(86)90046-7
  61. Lie, H.J. and Cho, C.H., 1994, On the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 25081-25091. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC02425
  62. Lie, H.J., Cho, C.H., Lee, J.H., Lee, S., Tang, Y., and Zou, E., 2001, Does the Yellow Sea Warm Current really exist as a persistent mean flow? Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 22199-22210. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000629
  63. Lie, H.J., Cho, C.H., Lee, J.H., Niiler, P., and Hu, J.H., 1998, Separation of the Kuroshio water and its penetration onto the continental shelf west of Kyushu. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 2963-2976. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC03288
  64. Lie, H.J., Choi, C.H., and Lee, S., 2009, Tongue-shaped frontal structure and warm water intrusion in the southern Yellow Sea in winter. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, C01003, doi:10.1029/2007JC004683.
  65. Lie, H.J., Choi, C.H., and Lee, S., 2013, Frontal circulation and westward transversal current at the Yellow Sea entrance in winter. Journal of Geophysical Research, 118, 3851-3870, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20280.
  66. Lie, H.J., Choi, C.H., Lee, J.H., Lee, S., and Tang, Y., 2000, Seasonal variation of the Cheju Warm Current in the northern East China Sea. Journal of Oceanography, 56, 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011139313988
  67. Lim, D.I., Park, K.E., and Ahn, K.S., 2004, Analysis of high school science textbook on the magma formation in the subduction boundary. Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society, 25, 222-231.
  68. Lim, T.H., Noh, S.H., Baek, J.M., Lee, B.Y., Kang, D.H., Chang, H.S., Kim, J.S., Lee, Y.C., Hwang, I.S., Ko, H.D., and Shin, M.Y., 2013, Middle school 7th grade science. Visang Education, Seoul, Korea, 319 p. (in Korean)
  69. Lin, C., Ning, X., Su, J., Lin, Y., and Xu, B., 2005, Environmental changes and the responses of the ecosystems of the Yellow Sea during 1976-2000. Journal of Marine Systems, 55, 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.08.001
  70. Lin, X., Yang, J., Guo, J., Zhang, Z., Yin, Y., Song, X., and Zhang, X., 2011, An asymmetric upwind flow, Yellow Sea Warm Current: 1. New observations in the western Yellow Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, C04026, doi:10.1029/2010JC006513.
  71. Mask, A.C., O'brien, J.J., and Preller, R., 1998, Wind-driven effects on the Yellow Sea Warm Current. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 30713-30730. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JC900007
  72. Moon, J.H., Pang, I.C., and Yoon, J.H., 2009, Response of the Changjiang diluted water around Jeju Island to external forcings: A modeling study of 2002 and 2006. Continental Shelf Research, 29, 1549-1564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2009.04.007
  73. Naimie, C.E., Blain, C.A., and Lynch, D.R., 2001, Seasonal mean circulation in the Yellow Sea: A modelgenerated climatology. Continental Shelf Research, 21, 667-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00102-3
  74. Ninno, H. and Emery, K.O., 1961, Sediments of shallow portions of East China Sea and South China Sea. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72, 731-762. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[731:SOSPOE]2.0.CO;2
  75. Nitani, H., 1972, Beginning of the Kuroshio. In Stommel, H. and Yoshida, K. (eds.), Kuroshio: Physical aspects of the Japan current. University of Washington Press, Seattle, USA, 129-163.
  76. Oh, W.K., 2003, Student's conceptions and constructivistic science education. Bulletin of Science Education, 19, 1-18. (in Korean)
  77. Pang, I.C., Rho, H.K., and Kim, T.H., 1992, Seasonal variations of water mass distributions and their cause in the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the adjacent seas of Cheju island. Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society, 25, 151-163.
  78. Park, B.S., Park, M.S., Kim, M.H., Cho, H.S., Kim, J.Y., Jang, J.C., Lee, B.E., Park, Y.S., and Kim, J.S., 2012, Middle school 9th grade science. Donghwa, Seoul, Korea, 318 p. (in Korean)
  79. Park, H.S., Jung, D.Y., Shin, H.S., Kim, J.H., Heo, S.I., Cho, S.I., Yu, J.N., Lee, H.W., Kim, J.Y., Lee, S.J., Choi, B.S., Kang, S.C., and Oh, S.H., 2013, Middle school 7th grade science. Kyohak, Seoul, Korea, 312 p. (in Korean)
  80. Park, H.S., Kim, J.M., Jung, D.Y., Shin, H.S., Jeong, J.Y., Heo, S.I., Kim, C.B., Lim, Y.J., Lee, H.W., Yoon, S.J., Lee, E.H., Jun, S.Y., Choi, B.S., Kim, M.J., and Oh, S.H., 2012, Middle school 9th grade science. Kyohak, Seoul, Korea, 319 p. (in Korean)
  81. Park, K.A., Park, J.E., Choi, B.J., Byun, D.S., and Lee, E.I., 2013, An oceanic current map of the East Sea for science textbooks based on scientific knowledge acquired from oceanic measurements. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, 18, 234-265. (in Korean)
  82. Park, K.A., Park, J.E., Seo, K.S., Choi, B.J., and Byun, D.S., 2011, Analysis of oceanic current maps of the East Sea in the secondary school science textbooks. Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society, 32, 832-859. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.5467/JKESS.2011.32.7.832
  83. Park, T.W. and Oh, I.S., 2001, A numerical experiment on the dispersion of the Yangtze River Water in the Yellow and East China Seas. Proceedings of the 11th PAMS/JECSS workshop, Cheju, Korea, 405-408.
  84. Park, Y.H., 1986, Water characteristics and movements of the Yellow Sea Warm Current in summer. Progress in Oceanography, 17, 243-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(86)90047-9
  85. Qiao, F.L., Xu, X.B., Tang, Y.X., and Zhao, W., 2001, A numerical study on the path and origin of the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC). Journal of Hydrodynamics, Series B, 13, 1-9.
  86. Qiu, B. and Imasato, N., 1990, A numerical study on the formation of the Kuroshio countercurrent and the Kuroshio branch current in the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 10, 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(90)90028-K
  87. Riedlinger, S.K. and Jacobs, G.A., 2000, Study of the dynamic of wind driven transports into the Yellow Sea during winter. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 28695-28708, doi:10.1029/2000JC900127.
  88. Sakaida, F., Kawamura, H., Takahashi, S., Shimada, T., Kawai, Y., Hosoda, K., and Guan, L., 2009, Research and development of the New Generation Sea Surface Temperature for Open ocean (NGSST-O) product and its demonstration operation. Journal of Oceanography, 65, 859-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-009-0071-3
  89. Shin, Y.J., Jin, M.S., Han, M.J., Lee, K.Y., Jeong, E.Y., Kang, J.C., Kang, S.J., Son, J.W., Bae, Y.H., Lee, B.W., Lim, H.Y., and Ha, E.S., 2013, Middle school 7th grade science. Chunjae Education, Seoul, Korea, 319 p. (in Korean)
  90. Su, J.L., 1998, Circulation dynamics of the China Seas: North of $18^{\circ}N$. In Robinson, A.R. and Brink, K. (eds.), The Sea, The global coastal ocean: Regional studies and syntheses, Vol. 11. Wiley, New York, USA, 483-506.
  91. Su, J.L., Pan, Y.Q., and Liang, X.S., 1994, Kuroshio intrusion and Taiwan Warm Current. In Zhou, D., Liang, Y.B., and Zeng, C.K. (eds.), Oceanology of China Seas, Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 59-70.
  92. Teague, W.J. and Jacobs, G.A., 2000, Current observations on the development of the Yellow Sea Warm Current. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 3401-3411. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900301
  93. Teague, W.J., Jacobs, G.A., Ko, D.S., Tang, T.Y., Chang, K.I., and Suk, M.S., 2003, Connectivity of the Taiwan, Cheju, and Korea Straits. Continental Shelf Research, 23, 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00150-4
  94. Teague, W.J., Ko, D.S., Jacobs, G.A., Perkins, H.T., Book, J.W., Smith, S.R., Chang, K.I., Suk, M.S., Kim, K., Lyu, S.J., and Tang, T.Y., 2006, Currents through the Korea/Tsushima Strait: Review of LINKS observations. Oceanography, 19, 53-65.
  95. Uda, M., 1934, The results of simultaneous oceanographical investigations in the Japan Sea and its adjacent waters in May and June 1932. Journal of the Imperial Fishery Experimental Station, 5, 138-190. (in Japanese)
  96. Uda, M., 1936, Results of simultaneous oceanographical investigations in the Japan Sea and its adjacent waters during October and November 1936. Journal of the Imperial Fishery Experimental Station, 7, 91-151. (in Japanese)
  97. Ujiie, H. and Ujiie, Y., 1999, Late Quaternary course changes of the Kuroshio in the Ryukyu arc region, northwestern Pacific Ocean. Marine Micropaleontology, 37, 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(99)00010-9
  98. Wang, B.D., 1999, Vertical profiles and transportation of nutrients in the southern Yellow Sea. Marine Environmental Science, 18, 13-18. (in Chinese)
  99. Wang, J., Shen, Y., and Guo, Y., 2010, Seasonal circulation and influence factors of the Bohai Sea: A numerical study based on Lagrangian particle tracking method. Ocean Dynamics, 60, 1581-1596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-010-0346-7
  100. Xia, C., Qiao, F., Yang, Y., Ma, J., and Yuan, Y., 2006, Three-dimensional structure of the summer circulation in the Yellow Sea from a wave-tide circulation coupled model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, C11S03, doi:10.1029/2005JC003218.
  101. Xu, L.L., Wu, D.X., Lin, X.P., and Ma, C., 2009, The study of the Yellow Sea Warm Current and its seasonal variability. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 21, 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(08)60133-X
  102. Yamashiro, T., Maeda, A., Sakurai, M., and Ichikawa, H., 1990, Mean velocity distribution and transport of the Kuroshio referred to GEK surface velocity in the East China Sea. Umi to Sora, 66, 181-190. (in Japanese)
  103. Yanagi, T., 1994, Material transport in the Yellow/East China Seas. Engan Kaiyo Kenkyu Noto, 31, 239-256. (in Japanese)
  104. Yang, J., 2007, An oceanic current against the wind: How does Taiwan Island steer warm water into the East China Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 37, 2563-2569. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO3134.1
  105. Yoo, J.H., Jin, M.S., Lee, J.K., Yoon, J., Choi, B.G., Lim, C.S., Kwon, H.R., Kang, J.C., Han, J.Y., Lim, S.M., Cha, J.H., and Lim, H.Y., 2012, Middle school 9th grade science. Chunjae Munhwa, Seoul, Korea, 315 p. (in Korean)
  106. Yuan, D., Zhu, J., Li, C., and Hu, D., 2008, Cross-shelf circulation in the Yellow and East China Seas indicated by MODIS satellite observations. Journal of Marine Systems, 70, 134-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.04.002
  107. Zang, J., Tang, Y., Zou, E., and Lie, H.J., 2003, Analysis of Yellow Sea circulation. Chinese Science Bulletin, 48, 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02900935
  108. Zhang, F.G., Mao, H.I., and Leng, Y.G., 1987, Analysis of drift bottle and drift card experiments in the Bohai and Yellow Sea (197-580). Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 5, 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02848524
  109. Zheng, Q.A. and Klemas, V., 1982, Determination of winter temperature patterns, fronts, and surface currents in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea from satellite imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 12, 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(82)90053-0
  110. Zhu, J.R., Chen, C.S., Ding, P.X., Li, C.Y., and Lin, H.C., 2004, Does the Taiwan Warm Current exist in winter? Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L12302, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019997.