『백서주역(帛書周易)』 「요(要)」의 '부자노이호역(夫子老而好易)'장의 진위(眞僞) 문제 -공자와 『역』의 관계를 중심으로-

A problem of authenticity in the chapter 'Confucius became aged, and liked "The Book of Changes"' of yao 要, "essentials," seen throughout 『帛書周易』 the Mawangdui Boshu Zhouyi Manuscript. -in relation to Confucius and 『易』"The Changes"-

"백서주역" "요"는 세 부분으로 구성되어 있다. 첫째 부분은 통행본 "계사" 하편 10장과 5장의 다섯 단락, 둘째 부분은 공자와 제자 자공(子贛)(자공(子貢))과의 "주역"에 대한 중대한 대화, 셋째 부분은 공자의 '손익지도(損益之道)'에 대한 설명이다. 둘째 부분에서, 공자가 늘그막에 점책인 "역"을 좋아하자 제자 자공은 공자의 평소의 가르침을 미루어 볼 때 공자의 행위를 이해할 수 없는 일이라고 질문을 한다. 이에 공자는 "주역"을 복서(卜筮)로 사용하는데 안주하는 것이 아니라 그 점글을 즐긴다고 대답한다. 자공이 그렇게 한다면 사람에게 그릇된 것이라고 말하자 공자는 또 한 편으로 "주역"이 미래를 아는 것을 즐긴다고 말하면서 자신은 백 번 주역점을 쳐 70번을 적중했다고 말한다. 그리고 마지막 단락에서 공자는 "역"의 점치는 면은 뒤로 하고 덕과 의를 살필 뿐임을 강조한다. 이 대화에서 의리와 상수를 함께 언급하는 공자의 역관이 펼쳐진다. 본 논문은 "요"의 둘째 부분 '부자노이호역(夫子老而好易)'장의 내용을 순서대로 인용하면서 공자와 자공의 대화 내용을 분석하여 의리와 상수 두 방면에서 공자의 주역관을 살펴보고 이것이 과연 공자의 본뜻인가를 논하고자 한다. 이를 통해 '부자노이호역(夫子老而好易)'장의 내용이 과연 공자의 역관을 기록한 것인가 하는 진위 문제의 해답을 찾을 수 있을 것이고, 아울러 공자와 "역"의 관계도 명백하게 밝혀지게 될 것이다.

Columns 12-18 record a conversation between an aged Confucius and his disciple Zi Gong concerning the Changes and especially the role of divination in its use. The last section, from the bottom of column 24, concerns the hexagrams Sun損, "Decrease," and Yi益, "Increase," which Confucius is here made to regard as the culmination of wisdom in the Zhouyi. The conversation between Confucius and Zi Gong, and especially Zi Gong's apparent misunderstanding of Confucius's interest in the text, has already attracted considerable scholarly interest. Zi Gong criticizes Confucius for changing his teaching about the importance of the Zhouyi and for performing divinations. Confucius responds that while he does indeed perform divinations. there is a major difference between his use of the text and that of others: he regards the I Ching as a repository of an ancient wisdom. This would seem to signal recognition of a dramatic change in the function and status of the text. Zi Gong said: "Does the Master also believe in milfoil divination?" The Master said: "I am right in only seventy out of one hundred prognostications. Even with the prognostications of Liangshan of Zhou one necessarily follows it most of the time and no more." The Master said: "As for the Changes, I do indeed put its prayers and divinations last, only observing its virtue and property. Intuiting the commendations to reach the number, and understanding the number to reach virtue, is to have humaneness and to put it into motion properly. If the commendation do not lead to the number, then merely acts as a magician; if the number does not lead to virtue, then one merely acts as a scribe. The divinations of scribes and magicians tend toward it but are not yet there; delight in it but are not correct. Perhaps it will be because of the Changes that sires of later generations will doubt me. I seek its virtue and nothing more. I am on the same road as the scribes and magicians but end up differently. The conduct of the gentleman's virtue is to seek blessings; that is why he sacrifices, but little; the righteousness of his humaneness is to seek auspiciousness; that is why he divines, but rarely. Do not the divinations of priest and magicians come last!" Although Confucius says two ways of the symbolic numbers and virtue-property, he emphasizes his way of virtue and property more important. In fact he who wrote in Yao 要, "essentials," Confucius's saying describes his own viewpoints of the Changes throughout the conversations between Confucius and his disciple Zi Gong, and is only to borrow the name of Confucius. Furthermore, quoting the original text in Yao 要, "essentials," in sequence, also comparing the materials of "the Analects of Confucius論語," with "the Shih chi史記," this thesis will be centered to a great extent on the relative similarity and differences between the Mawangdui Boshu Zhouyi Manuscript and the received text, and discussed the authencity of Yao 要, "essentials," of the contents shown in the chapter of 'Confucius became aged, and liked "The Book of Changes."' the relation of Confucius and the Changes will be clarified naturally through this progress.