Introduction
The proper selection of packaging method is important for preservation of freshness and retardation of decline in quality in the meat products after slaughter and processing. Since 1950’s, from hand-wrapped paper to functional materials film packaging, several packaging methods have been developed for consumption and distribution of meat products (Brody, 2002).
Vacuum packaging (VP) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) may be the most common packaging methods for storage of fresh meat. VP has strong suppressant effects on oxidation and microbe with condition of little oxygen but leads to the unattractive purple color with high proportion of deoxymyoglobin (Jeremiah, 2001). On the other hand, MAP (particularly, high oxygen (80% O2/ 20% CO2)-MAP) is effective for enhancement of color stability together suppression of microbial growth with filled O2 and CO2 but promotes the oxidative deterioration (Kim et al., 2010; McMillin, 2008; Ordóñez and Ledward, 1977; Silliker and Wolfe, 1980; Sørheim et al., 1997). Furthermore, MAP is mainly applied to display unlike VP that is widely used in all storage systems including aging and freezing.
Recently, vacuum skin packaging (VSP) is also utilized for retail display of meat worldwide. This packaging method has similar properties to VP, MAP, and wrap packaging. The VSP film, which is heat-expansible material, is tightly adhered to the surface of meat on tray by high temperature and vacuum pressure and then is completely stuck to tray. This process can render further enhanced appearance to consumer with prevention of surface air hole and crease, and purge loss when compared with VP that causes the losses of water and shape in meat with strong compression (Lagerstedt et al., 2011; Santos et al., 2005; Vázquez et al., 2004). Moreover, some studies have reported that VSP was more effective for betterment of color stability and extension of shelf-life than VP and had similar effect on maintenance of red color to high oxygen- MAP (Barros-Velázquez et al., 2003; Li et al., 2012).
In the meat, lipid oxidation is promoted by storage environments, such as O2 concentration, temperature, light etc. and accelerates the accumulation of metmyoglobin and chemical deterioration of protein with generation of free radicals (Kanner, 1994; Monahan, 2000; Zakrys et al., 2009). Discoloration brings out the consumer’s refusal to buy the meat and incurs the economic loss of retail (Greene et al., 1971; Smith et al., 2000). Protein oxidation develops toxic compounds and odor and negatively influences the texture and water-holding capacity by decomposition and denaturation of the meat protein (Davis and Dean, 2003; Morzel et al., 2006; Xiong, 2000). After all, maintenance or enhancement of the oxidative stability could be a key point to conserve the meat quality during storage.
Therefore, we worked to investigate the effect of packaging method on the lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, and color in aged top round from Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) during refrigerated storage.
Materials and Methods
Reagents and chemicals
Trizma base, cacodylic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), pyrogallol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dehydrate (EDTA), glutathione reductase (from Baker’s yeast; GSH-R), L-glutathione reduced (GSH), β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate (NADPH), pipes, potassium ferricyanide, ammonium sulfamate, lead acetate, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), guanidine hydrochloride, and serum albumin from bovine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (USA). The 2-thiobarbituric acid was purchased from Alfa Aesar (USA). Ethanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform were obtained from J. T. Baker (USA). Deionized water was made with a Milli-Q Water Purification Equipment (Millipore SAS, France).
Preparation of samples and experimental design
The top rounds (quality grade : 1) from Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) steers at 2 d post-slaughter were obtained from a local meat market and aged for 7 d at 2℃. Following removal of backfat, connective tissue, and blood, the lean beef were sliced into about 1 cm thickness and packaged either with; 1) vacuum (VP), 2) 80% O2/20% CO2/ 0% N2-modified atmosphere (80% Ox-MAP), 3) vacuum skin + 80% Ox-MAP (VSP+80% Ox-MAP), 4) 50% O2/ 20% CO2/30% N2-modified atmosphere (50% Ox-MAP), or 5) vacuum skin+50% Ox-MAP (VSP+50% Ox-MAP). The VP treatment was packaged with 7 layer co-extrusion films (nylon+tie+LLDPE+tie+nylon+tie+LLDPE; Food- Saver pouch, Rollpack Co., Ltd., Korea) and vacuum packaging machine (CD-120, Webomatic Maschinenfabrik GmbH, Germany). The MAP treatments were packaged with polystyrene barrier foam trays (Max. O2 transmission rate: 0.1 cc/cm2·24 h at 23℃, RH 0%, Max. moisture vapor transmission rate : 7.87 mg/cm2·24 h at 38℃, RH 100%; SCB 00-096, Cryovac Sealed Air Corp., USA), O2 barrier films (Max. O2 transmission rate: 0.002 cc/cm2·24 h at 4.4℃, RH 100%, Max. moisture vapor transmission rate : 0.39 mg/cm2·24 h at 4.4℃, RH 100%; Lid 1050, Cryovac Sealed Air Corp., USA), and MAP machine (MAP-RT1, HyperPac Co., Korea) equipped with a gas mixer (MAP Mix 9001 ME, PBI Dansensor A/S, Ringsted, Denmark). In case of the VSP +MAP treatments, the samples were placed into polystyrene barrier foam trays and then packaged with permeable intact films (100 247492, Cryovac Sealed Air Corp., USA) and vacuum skin packaging machine (VSP-S100, Samhwa Co., Korea) before packaging with MA. All samples were stored for 14 d at 4℃ after aging and the experimental parameters were measured at 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 d.
Gas composition analysis
The concentrations (%) of O2 and CO2 in MAP were analyzed using a portable gas analyzer (OxyBaby M+X O2/CO2, Witt-Gasetechnik GmbH ＆ Co., KG, Germany). The concentration (%) of nitrogen was calculated as 100 minus percentages of O2 and CO2.
Analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity
For analyses of activities of antioxidant enzymes, 5 g of samples were homogenized with 20 mL of ice-cold phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.0) using an Ultra-Turrax (T25 Digital, Ika Werke GmbH ＆ Co., Germany) for 30 s at 13,500 rpm, centrifuged for 15 min at 2℃, 1,000 g (Avanti J-E Centrifuge, Beckman Coulter, Inc., USA), and then filtered with Whatman filter paper No. 1. Catalase activity was performed according to the method developed by Aebi (1983). Immediately after mixing 100 μL of filtrates with 29 mM H2O2 (in phosphate buffer, pH 7.0), the decomposition rate of H2O2 was spectrophotometrically (ProteomeLab DU-800, Beckman Coulter, Inc., USA) analyzed for 30 s at 240 nm at 25℃. Superoxide dismutase activity was conducted as described by Marklund (1986). The inhibition of autooxidation of 0.2 mM pyrogallol (in tris-cacodylate-DTPA buffer, pH 8.2) by 50 μL of filtrates was monitored for 2 min at 420 nm at 25℃. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was analyzed following the enzymatic prot℃ol reported by Flohè and Günzler (1984). One hundred milliliters of filtrates were mixed with 1 mM EDTA-1 mM NaN3-0.5 units/mL GSH-R-1 mM GSH-0.15 mM NADPH-0.15 mM H2O2 (in phosphate buffer, pH 7.0) and then the oxidation rate of NADPH was measured for 3 min at 340 nm at 25℃. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes were expressed with change rates of absorbance per min as units enzyme per g meat.
Total antioxidant activity measurement
Total antioxidant ability (TAA) was measured with the process slightly modified by Lee et al. (1981). Two grams of samples were homogenized with 10 mL of ice-cold pipes buffer (25 mM, pH 5.8) by a Polytron (PT-MR 2100, Kinematica AG, Switzerland) for 15 s at 13,500 rpm. Following incubation with 2 mL of potassium ferricyanide (5 mM) for 1 h on an ice under the dark, 5 mL of homogenates were mixed with 100 μL of ammonium sulfamate (40 mM), 200 μL of lead acetate (0.5 M), 2.5 mL of TCA (20% (w/v)) and then made up to 10 mL with DW. The final mixtures were centrifuged for 10 min at 2℃, 3,000 g (Avanti J-20XP Centrifuge, Beckman Coulter, Inc., USA) before filtering with Whatman filter paper No. 42 and then measured at 420 nm. The results were expressed as absorbance value of blank (1 mM potassium ferricyanide) minus absorbance values of samples.
TBARS value measurement
The 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value was conducted following the method previously reported by Sinnhuber and Yu (1977). Before heated for 30 min at 100℃ and ice-cooled for 10 min, 0.5 g of samples were mixed with about 0.1 g of antioxidant mixture (54% (w/w) propylene glycol-40% (w/w) Tween 20-3% (w/w) BHT-3% (w/w) BHA), 3 mL of 1% (w/v) TBA- 0.3% (w/v) NaOH, and 17 mL of 2.5% (w/v) TCA-36 mM HCl. The upper solutions were spectrophotometrically measured at 532 nm following combined with chloroform and then centrifuged for 30 min at 3,000 g at 4℃ (Avanti J-E Centrifuge, Beckman Coulter, Inc., USA). The TBARS value was expressed as mg of malonaldehyde (MA) per kg of sample.
Carbonyl content measurement
The carbonyl content was analyzed with the process established by Mercier et al. (1998). Two grams of samples were homogenized with 20 mL of ice-cold KCl (0.15 M) and filtered with Whatman filter paper No. 1. One hundred microliters of filtrates were incubated either with 0.5 mL of 0.2% (w/v) DNPH (in 2 N HCl; for carbonyl content) or 2 N HCl (for protein content) for 1 h under the dark, combined with 0.6 mL of ice-cold 20% (w/v) TCA, and then placed for 10 min at 2℃. After centrifuged for 5 min at 2℃, 3,000 g (Microfuge 22R Centrifuge, Beckman Coulter GmbH, Germany), the sediments were rinsed with 50% (v/v) ethanol (in ethyl acetate) at three times, dried in a hood, dissolved in 1 mL of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride (in 0.02 M potassium phosphate, pH 6.5), and then spectrophotometrically measured at 370 (DNPH-incubated) and 280 (HCl-incubated) nm. The carbonyl content was calculated with millimolar extinction coefficient (22.0 mM-1cm-1; Reznick and Packer, 1994) and standard curve of bovine serum albumin as nmol carbonyl per mg protein.
Surface color determination
The color (L*, a*, and b* values) on the surface of samples was determined using a chroma meter (CR-400, Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc., Japan) calibrated with a white plate (illuminant C; L*=97.70, a*=-0.05, and b*=1.94). The MAP and VSP+MAP treatments were measured immediately after opening of packs while the VP treatment was measured after blooming of 30 min.
Statistical analysis
All experimental data during storage times were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of SPSS (2011) program. By Duncan’s multiple range tests, the significant differences among the means of treatments at the same storage time were compared at p<0.05.
Results and Discussion
Antioxidant enzyme activity
The effect of packaging method on the antioxidant enzyme activity in aged top round from Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) for 14 d of storage at 4℃ was indicated in Table 1. The cattle tissues possess enzymatic antioxidant system, such as catalase, SOD, and GSH-Px etc., which protect against the attacks of free radicals (Chan and Decker, 1994). Even post-slaughter, antioxidant enzymes remain in beef muscles and chiefly work their own biological functions at the first phase in oxidation processes (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1989; Renerre et al., 1996). Catalase (hydrogen peroxide: hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase; E.C. 1.11.1.6) is a tetrameric haemin enzyme which subsists in all living creatures and aerobic microorganism and has much higher activity (decomposition of 106 H2O2 per 1 s) compared with other enzymes (Aebi, 1983). During storage, VP treatment had significantly (p<0.05) the highest catalase activity. The 50% Ox-MAP and 50% Ox-MAP+VSP treatments showed significantly (p<0.05) higher catalase activity at d 14 compared with 80% Ox-MAP and 80% Ox-MAP+VSP treatments. There were not significant differences for catalase activity by packaging with or without VSP within Ox- MAP treatments of same O2 concentration. GSH-Px (glutathione: hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase; E.C. 1.11.1. 9) is a selenoprotein enzyme containing a selenium and prevents the oxidative harm by deoxidization of H2O2 and lipid hydroperoxides (Flohè and Günzler, 1984). It did not show any difference among all treatments for 14 d. SOD (superoxide: superoxide oxidoreductase; E.C. 1.15.1. 1) includes the Cu, Zn, and Mn etc. as co-factors and reduces two superoxide anion (O2 ·-) molecules into one H2O2 molecule (Marklund, 1986). At d 14, VP, 50% Ox- MAP, and 50% Ox-MAP+VSP treatments presented significantly (p<0.05) higher than 80% Ox-MAP and 80% Ox-MAP+VSP treatments. SOD activity did not also indicate significant differences between Ox-MAP and Ox- MAP+VSP treatments during storage. Thus, VP and 50% Ox-MAP with or without VSP maintained higher levels for activities of some antioxidant enzymes in the aged top round during refrigerated storage than 80% Ox-MAP with or without VSP. This finding is supported by a report of Kang et al. (2012), who found that the activity of some antioxidant enzyme was kept higher by lower O2 concentration in the beef packaged with 0-75% Ox-MA for 8 d of storage at 15℃/RH 100%.
Table 1.a-cMeans±S.D. in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (p<0.05)
Total antioxidant activity
The effect of packaging method on the total antioxidant activity (TAA) in aged Hanwoo top round during storage is presented in Fig. 1. TAA is an assay to evaluate the ability which the meat reduce ferrous ions (Fe3+) to ferric ions (Fe2+) (Lee et al., 1981). VP treatment had significantly (p<0.05) the highest TAA during 14 d of storage. The 50% Ox-MAP + VSP treatment maintained significantly (p<0.05) higher TAA for 14 d compared with 80% Ox-MAP treatment and had higher (p<0.05) TAA than 80% Ox-MAP treatment at only d 1. The 50% Ox-MAP treatment tended to have higher TAA than 80% Ox-MAP but showed the significantly (p<0.05) higher value at only 7 d. During storage, there were not significant differences for TAA between Ox-MAP and Ox-MAP+VSP treatments within MAP treatments of same O2 concentration. Thus, VP and 50% Ox-MAP with or without VSP kept higher TAA in the stored-aged top round compared with high Ox-MAP (80% Ox-MAP) with or without VSP. This result is similar to a previous research of Seyfert et al. (2012), who observed that the beef packaged with 20% Ox-MA had higher total reducing ability than 80% Ox- MA in 7 d of retail display.
Fig. 1.Effect of packaging method on the total antioxidant activity (TAA) in aged top round from Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) during storage at 4℃. Values are means± S.D. a-cDifferent letters indicate significant differences among packaging methods within the same storage time (p<0.05).
TBARS value
During storage, the value of TBARS (Fig. 2) was significantly (p<0.05) the lowest in VP treatment. The 50% Ox-MAP+VSP treatment had significantly (p<0.05) lower TBARS value from 7 and 10 d than 80% Ox-MAP and 80% Ox-MAP+VSP treatments and also showed lower (p<0.05) TBARS value than 50% Ox-MAP treatment at d 14. The 80% Ox-MAP+VSP treatment presented lower (p<0.05) TBARS value compared with 80% Ox-MAP treatment at d 14. Thus, VP and 50% Ox-MAP inhibited the lipid oxidation in the stored-aged top round compared with 80% Ox-MAP. This result is in agreement with the result of Zakrys et al. (2009) who reported that the beef packaged with 80% Ox-MA had the higher TBARS value in 12 d of storage at 4℃ compared with 40, 50, 60, 70% Ox-MA. In addition, in our study, combination of Ox- MAP and VSP retarded the lipid oxidation by Ox-MAP. This may be because VSP had the similar vacuum effect to VP and slightly prevented the direct contact bet- ween beef and O2 in Ox-MA.
Fig. 2.Effect of packaging method on the TBARS value in aged top round from Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) during storage at 4℃. Values are means±S.D.
Carbonyl content
Free radicals originated from oxidation processes oxidize the meat protein, leading to production of carbonyls (Davis and Dean, 2003). As shown in Fig. 3, VP treatment presented significantly (p<0.05) lower carbonyl content from 10 d than Ox-MAP and Ox-MAP+VSP treatments. The 50% Ox-MAP and 50% Ox-MAP+VSP treatments indicated a tendency to have lower carbonyl content during storage compared with 80% Ox-MAP and 80% Ox- MAP+VSP treatments. However, no significant differences were observed for carbonyl content among Ox- MAP and Ox-MAP+VSP treatments during storage. Similarly, Lund et al. (2007a) reported that 100% N2-MAP delayed the generation of carbonyl in the beef for 6 d of storage at 4℃ compared with 80% Ox-MAP. Besides, they found that there were not significant differences for carbonyl content between the beef packaged with vacuum skin and 70% Ox-MA for 14 d of storage at 4℃ (Lund et al., 2007b).
Fig. 3.Effect of packaging method on the carbonyl content in aged top round from Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) during storage at 4℃. Values are means±S.D.
Surface color
The effect of packaging method on the surface color during storage is indicated in Table 2. At only d 10, the L* value was higher (p<0.05) in 80% Ox-MAP treatment than in other treatments but did not present a certain tendency by packaging method during storage. From 7 d of storage, the a* value was significantly (p<0.05) the highest in VP treatment and was also higher (p<0.05) in 50% Ox-MAP and 50% Ox-MAP+VSP treatments compared with 80% Ox-MAP and 80% Ox-MAP+VSP treatments. The b* value was significantly (p<0.05) the highest in VP treatment from 3 d. At the last day, 80% Ox-MAP+VSP, 50% Ox-MAP, and 50% Ox-MAP+VSP treatments had significantly (p<0.05) higher level at the last day compared with 80% Ox-MAP treatment. Thus, in aged top round, VP and 50% Ox-MAP with or without VSP maintained higher level for red color during storage compared with 80% Ox-MAP with or without VSP. This finding is supported by a previous research of Faustman and Cassens (1990) who reported that the discoloration of meat is promoted by lipid oxidation. Our result is agreement with the finding of Kim et al. (2010) who observed that the beef stored with VP maintained higher a* value for 9 d at 1-3℃ compared with 80% Ox-MAP. As well, Kang et al. (2012) also reported that high O2 concentration in MAP accelerated the decrease of red color in the beef during storage. However, the finding from this study is contrary to previous studies (Barros-Velázquez et al., 2003; Li et al., 2012) observed that the beef stored with VSP had higher color stability than VP. This is because our study made use of VSP film with higher O2 transmission rate (O2 permeable) than theirs.
Table 2.a-cMeans±S.D. in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (p<0.05)
Conclusion
In this study, VP was the most effective for inhibition of lipid and protein oxidation and preservation of red color. This may be due to stabilization of antioxidant enzyme and maintenance of total antioxidant activity. The 50% Ox-MAP also retarded the lipid oxidation and discoloration with stabilization of antioxidant enzyme compared with 80% Ox-MAP. In addition, combination with Ox-MAP and VSP lowered the lipid oxidation by Ox- MAP. But VSP had lower inhibitory effect on oxidative deterioration than VP due to being packaged with O2 permeable film.
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