Wind and Structures

  • 제18권4호
  • /
  • Pages.391-422
  • /
  • 2014
  • /
  • 1226-6116(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1598-6225(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

High-frequency force balance technique for tall buildings: a critical review and some new insights

  • 투고 : 2010.03.06
  • 심사 : 2012.10.01
  • 발행 : 2014.04.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The high frequency force balance (HFFB) technique provides convenient measurements of integrated forces on rigid building models in terms of base bending moments and torque and/or base shear forces. These base moments or forces are then used to approximately estimate the generalized forces of building fundamental modes with mode shape corrections. This paper presents an analysis framework for coupled dynamic response of tall buildings with HFFB technique. The empirical mode shape corrections for generalized forces with coupled mode shapes are validated using measurements of synchronous pressures on a square building surface from a wind tunnel. An alternative approach for estimating the mean and background response components directly using HFFB measurements without mode shape corrections is introduced with a discussion on higher mode contributions. The uncertainty in the mode shape corrections and its influence on predicted responses of buildings with both uncoupled and coupled modal shapes are examined. Furthermore, this paper presents a comparison of aerodynamic base moment spectra with available data sets for various tall building configurations. Finally, e-technology aspects in conjunction with HFFB technique such as web-based on-line analysis framework for buildings with uncoupled mode shapes used in NALD (NatHaz Aerodynamic Loads Database) is discussed, which facilitates the use of HFFB data for preliminary design stages of tall buildings subject to wind loads.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) (1996, 2004), Recommendations for loads on buildings, Architectural Institute of Japan.
  2. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) (1998), Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, ASCE 7-98, ASCE, Reston, VA.
  3. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) (2005), Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, ASCE 7-05, ASCE, Reston, VA.
  4. Boggs, D.W. and Peterka, J.A. (1989), "Aerodynamic model tests of tall buildings", J. Eng. Mech. -ASCE, 115(3), 618-635. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:3(618)
  5. Chan, C.M. and Chiu, J.K.L. (2006), "Wind-induced response and serviceability design optimization of tall steel buildings", Eng. Struct., 28(4), 503-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.09.005
  6. Chen, X., and Huang, G. (2009), "Evaluation of peak resultant response for wind-excited tall buildings." Eng. Struct., 31(4), 858-868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.11.021
  7. Chen, X. and Kareem, A. (2001), "Equivalent static wind loads for buffeting response of bridges", J. Struct. Eng. -ASCE, 127(12), 1467-1475. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:12(1467)
  8. Chen, X. and Kareem, A. (2004), "Equivalent static wind loads on tall buildings: new model", J. Struct. Eng. -ASCE, 130(10), 1425-1435. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:10(1425)
  9. Chen, X. and Kareem, A. (2005a), "Coupled dynamic analysis and equivalent static wind loads on buildings with three-dimensional modes", J. Struct. Eng. -ASCE, 131(7), 1071-1082. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:7(1071)
  10. Chen, X. and Kareem, A. (2005b), "Dynamic wind effects on buildings with 3D coupled modes: spplication of high frequency force balance measurements." J. Eng. Mech. -ASCE, 131(11), 1115-1125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2005)131:11(1115)
  11. Cheng, C.M. and Wang, J. (2004), "Wind tunnel database for an intermediate wind resistance design of tall buildings", Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Wind Effects on Buildings and Urban Environment, Tokyo Polytechnic University, Tokyo, Japan.
  12. Davenport, A.G. (1967), "Gust loading factors." J. Struct. Eng. -ASCE, 93, 11-34.
  13. Davenport, A.G. (1985), "The representation of the dynamic effects of turbulent wind by equivalent static wind loads", Proceedings of the AISC/CISC Int. Symp. on Struct. Steel, Chicago.
  14. Davenport, A.G. (1995), "How can we simplify and generalize wind loads?", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 54-55, 657-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(94)00079-S
  15. Flay, R. G. J., Yip, D. Y. N., and Vickery, B. J. (1999), "Wind induced dynamic response of tall buildings with coupled 3D modes of vibration", Proceedings of the 10th Int. Conf. on Wind Eng., Copenhagen, Denmark.
  16. Fritz, W.P. and Simiu E. (2005), "Probabilistic description of tall building response to wind: Database-assisted design, dynamics, and wind directionality effects", Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability, Rome, Italy.
  17. Gu, M. and Quan, Y. (2004), "Across-wind loads of typical tall buildings", J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerod., 92(13), 1147-1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.06.004
  18. Ha, Y.C., Kim, D.W. and Kil, Y.S. (2004), "Characteristics of the across-wind fluctuating force and spectral density of rectangular high-rise buildings with various side ratios", Proceedings of the CTBUH 2004, CTBUH, Seoul, Korea.
  19. Holmes, J.D. (2002), "Effective static load distributions in wind engineering", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 90, 91-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00164-7
  20. Holmes, J.D., Rofail, A. and Aurelius, L. (2003), "High frequency base balance methodologies for tall buildings with torsional and coupled resonant modes", Proceedings of the 11th Int. Conf. on Wind Eng., Lubbock, TX, Texas Tech University.
  21. Huang, G. and Chen, X. (2007), "Wind load effects and equivalent static wind loads of tall buildings based on synchronous pressure measurements", Eng. Struct., 29(10), 2641-2653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.01.011
  22. Irwin, P.A. and Xie, J. (1993), "Wind loading and serviceability of tall buildings in tropical cyclone regions", Proceedings of the 3rd Asia-Pacific Symp. on Wind Eng., Hong Kong, University of Hong Kong.
  23. Islam, S., Ellingwood, B. and Corotis, R.B. (1992), "Wind-induced response of structurally asymmetric high-rise buildings", J. Struct. Eng. -ASCE, 118(1), 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1992)118:1(207)
  24. Kareem, A. (1985), "Lateral-torsional motion of tall buildings to wind loads", J. Struct. Eng. -ASCE, 111(11), 2479-2496. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:11(2479)
  25. Kareem, A. (1988), "Measurements and analysis of pressure fluctuations on prismatic structures in turbulent boundary layer flows", J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerod., 137, 229-235.
  26. Kareem, A. (1989), "Mapping and synthesis of random pressure fields", J. Eng. Mech. -ASCE, 115(10), 2325-2332. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:10(2325)
  27. Kareem, A. (1990), "Measurement of pressure and Force fields on building models in simulated atmospheric flows", J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerod., 36(1), 589-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(90)90341-9
  28. Kareem, A. and Cermak, J.E. (1979), "Wind tunnel simulation of wind-structure interactions", ISA T., 18(4), 23-41.
  29. Kareem, A. and Zhou, Y. (2003), "Gust loading factors -past, present and future", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 91(12-15), 1301-1328.
  30. Kijewski, T., Kwon, D. and Kareem, A. (2003), "E-Technologies for wind effects on structures", Proceedings of the 11th Int. Conf. on Wind Eng., Wind Science and Engineering Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.
  31. Kwon, D., Kijewski-Correa, T. and Kareem, A. (2005), "e-analysis/design of tall buildings subjected to wind loads", Proceedings of the 10th Americas Conf. on Wind Eng., AAWE.
  32. Kwon, D., Kijewski-Correa, T. and Kareem, A. (2008), "e-analysis of high-rise buildings subjected to wind loads", J. Struct. Eng. -ASCE, 134(7), 1139-1153. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:7(1139)
  33. Lin, N., Letchford, C., Tamura, Y., Liang, B. and Nakamura, O. (2005), "Characteristics of wind forces acting on tall buildings", J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerod., 93(3), 217-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.12.001
  34. McNamara, R.J. (2005), Some current trends in high rise structural design, STRUCTURE magazine, September, 19-23.
  35. Okajima, A. (1982), "Strouhal numbers of rectangular cylinders", J. Fluid Mech., 123, 379-398. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112082003115
  36. Reinhold, T.A. and Kareem, A. (1986), "Wind loads and building response predictions using force balance techniques", Proceedings of the 3rd ASCE Eng. Mech. Conf. -Dynamics of Structures, UCLA.
  37. Repetto, M.P. and Solari, G. (2004), "Equivalent static wind actions on vertical structures", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 92(5), 335-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.01.002
  38. Shimada, K., Tamura, Y., Fujii, K. and Wakahara, T. (1990), "Wind induced torsional motion of tall building", Proceedings of the 11th National Symp. on Wind Eng., Tokyo, (In Japanese).
  39. Tamura, Y., Kareem, A., Solari, G., Kwok, K.C.S. and Holmes, J.D. (2005), "Aspects of the dynamic wind-induced response of structures and codification", Wind Struct., 8(4), 251-268. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2005.8.4.251
  40. Tamura, Y., Kawai, H., Uematsu, Y., Marukawa, H., Fujii, K. and Taniike, Y. (1996), "Wind load and wind-induced response estimations in the Recommendations for Loads on Buildings, AIJ 1993", Eng. Struct., 18(6), 399-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(95)00121-2
  41. Tamura Y., Suganuma, S., Kikuchi, H. and Hibi, K. (1999), "Proper orthogonal decomposition of random wind pressure field", J. Fluid Struct., 13, 1069-1095. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfls.1999.0242
  42. Tallin, A. and Ellingwood, B. (1985), "Wind induced lateral-torsional buildings", J. Struct. Eng. -ASCE, 111(10), 2197-2213. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:10(2197)
  43. Tschanz, T. and Davenport, A.G. (1983), "The base balance technique for the determination of dynamic wind loads", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 13(1-3), 429-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(83)90162-9
  44. Vickery, B.J. and Basu, R.I. (1984), "The response of reinforced concrete chimneys to vortex shedding", Eng. Struct., 6, 324-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(84)90030-0
  45. Vickery, P.J., Steckley, A.C., Isyumov, N. and Vickery, B.J. (1985), "The effect of mode shape on the wind induced response of tall buildings", Proceedings of the 5th U.S. National Conf. on Wind Eng., Texas Tech. University, Lubbock, TX.
  46. Xie, J. and Irwin, P.A. (1998), "Application of the force balance technique to a building complex", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 77-78, 579-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00174-3
  47. Xie, J., Kumar, S. and Gamble, S. (2003), "Wind loading study for tall buildings with similar dynamic properties in orthogonal directions", Proceedings of the 10th Int. Conf. on Wind Eng., Copenhagen, Denmark.
  48. Xu, Y.L. and Kwok, K.C.S. (1993), "Mode shape corrections for wind tunnel tests of tall buildings", Eng. Struct., 15, 618-635.
  49. Yip, D.Y.N. and Flay, R.G.J. (1995), "A new force balance data analysis method for wind response predictions of tall buildings", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 54-55, 457-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(94)00059-M
  50. Zhou, Y. and Kareem, A. (2001), "Gust loading factor: new model", J. Struct. Eng. -ASCE, 127(2), 168-175. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:2(168)
  51. Zhou, Y. and Kareem, A. (2003), "Aeroelastic balance", J. Eng. Mech. -ASCE, 129(3), 283-292. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2003)129:3(283)
  52. Zhou, Y., Kareem, A. and Gu, M. (2002), "Mode shape corrections for wind load effects", J. Eng. Mech. - ASCE, 128(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2002)128:1(15)
  53. Zhou, Y., Kijewski, T. and Kareem, A. (2002), "Along-wind load effects on tall buildings: comparative study of major international codes and standards", J. Struct. Eng. -ASCE, 128(6), 788-796. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:6(788)
  54. Zhou, Y., Kijewski, T. and Kareem, A. (2003). "Aerodynamic loads on tall buildings: Interactive database", J. Eng. Mech. -ASCE, 129(3), 394-404.

피인용 문헌

  1. Application of the high-frequency base balance technique to tall slender structures considering the effects of higher modes vol.151, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.005
  2. Life-cycle-cost optimization for the wind load design of tall buildings equipped with TMDs vol.30, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2020.30.4.379
  3. Investigation approaches to quantify wind-induced load and response of tall buildings: A review vol.62, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102376
  4. Wind engineering for high-rise buildings: A review vol.32, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2021.32.3.249