Journal of Information Processing Systems

Korea Information Processing Society (한국정보처리학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Robust Face Detection Method Based on Skin Color and Edges

  • Ghimire, Deepak (Dept. of Computer Engineering, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Joonwhoan (Dept. of Computer Engineering, Chonbuk National University)
  • Received : 2012.04.05
  • Accepted : 2012.12.06
  • Published : 2013.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this paper we propose a method to detect human faces in color images. Many existing systems use a window-based classifier that scans the entire image for the presence of the human face and such systems suffers from scale variation, pose variation, illumination changes, etc. Here, we propose a lighting insensitive face detection method based upon the edge and skin tone information of the input color image. First, image enhancement is performed, especially if the image is acquired from an unconstrained illumination condition. Next, skin segmentation in YCbCr and RGB space is conducted. The result of skin segmentation is refined using the skin tone percentage index method. The edges of the input image are combined with the skin tone image to separate all non-face regions from candidate faces. Candidate verification using primitive shape features of the face is applied to decide which of the candidate regions corresponds to a face. The advantage of the proposed method is that it can detect faces that are of different sizes, in different poses, and that are making different expressions under unconstrained illumination conditions.

Keywords

References

  1. M.-H. Yang, D.J. Kruegman, and N. Ahuja, "Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey", IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol.24, No.1, 2002, pp.34-58. https://doi.org/10.1109/34.982883
  2. A. Z. Kouzain, F. He, and K. Sammut, "Commonsense Knowledge-Based Face Detection", Proc. of IEEE INSE, 1997, pp.215-220.
  3. G. Yang, and T. S. Huang, "Human Face Detection in Complex Background", The Journal of Pattern Recognition Society, Vol.27, No.1, 1994, pp.53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(94)90017-5
  4. V. Vezhnevets, V. Sazonov, and A. Andreeva, "A Survey on Pixel-Based Skin Color Detection Technique", Proc. of GraphiCon, 2003, pp.85-92.
  5. Q. Liu, and G. - Z. Peng, "A Robust Skin Color Based Face Detection Algorithm", Int. Asia Conf. on CAR, 2010, pp.525-528.
  6. K. Min, J. Chun, and G. Park, "A Nonparametric Skin Color Model for Face Detection from Color Images" Proc. of PDCAT, Vol.3320, 2005, pp.116-120.
  7. S. Kr. Singh, D. S. Chauhan, M. Vatsa, and R. Singh, "A Robust Skin Color Based Face Detection Algorithm", Yamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol.6, No.4, 2003, pp.227-234.
  8. M. Al Haj, J. Orozco, J. Gonzalez, and J. J. Villanueva, "Automatic Face and Facial Features Initialization for Robust and Accurate Tracking", Int. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, 2008, pp.1-4.
  9. S. Cooray, and N. O'Connor, "A Hybrid Technique for Face Detection in Color Images", IEEE Conf. on AVVS, Dublin City Univ., Ireland, September, 2005, pp.15-16.
  10. M. Niazi, S. Jafari, "Hybrid Face Detection in Color Images", Int. Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol.7. No.5, 2010, pp.367-373.
  11. R. N. Hota, V. Venkoparao, and S. Bedros, "Face Detection by using Skin Color Model based on One Class Classifier", Proc of IEEE ICIT, Banglore, India, December, 2006, pp.15-16.
  12. P. Kuchi, G. Prasad, P. S. Bhat, and S. David, "Human Face Detection and Tracking using Skin Color Modeling and Connected Component Operators", IETE Journal of research, Vol.48, 2002.
  13. H. C. Vijaya Lakshmi, and S. PatilKulkarni, "Segmentation Algorithm for Multiple Face Detection in Color Images with Skin Tone Regions using Color Spaces and Edge Detection Techniques", Int. Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, Vol.2, No.4, 2010, pp.553-558.
  14. M. A. Berbar, H. M. Kelash, and A. A. Kandeel, "Faces and Facial Features Detection in Color Images", Proc. of IEEE GMAI, Palma De Mallorca, Spain, August, 2006, pp.209-214.
  15. M. Al Haj, A. Amato, X. Roca, and J. Gongalez, "Face Detection in Color Images Using Primitive Shape Features", CORES, Vol.45, Wroclow, Poland, 2007, pp.179-186.
  16. J. Wang, and H. Yang, "Face Detection Based on Template Matching and 2DPCA Algorithm", Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Sanya, China, May, 2008, pp.575-579.
  17. K.-K. Sung, and T. Poggio, "Example-Based Learning for View-Based Human Face Detection", IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol.20, No.1, 1998, pp.39-51. https://doi.org/10.1109/34.655648
  18. P. Viola, and M. J. Jones, "Robust Real-Time Face Detection", Int. Journal of Computer Vision, Vol.57, No.2, 2004, pp.137-154. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb
  19. Li Tao, M.-J. Seow, and V. K. Asari, "Nonlinear Image Enhancement to Improve Face Detection in Complex Lighting Environment", Int. Journal of Computational Intelligence Research, Vol.2, No.4, 2006, pp.327-336.
  20. D. Ghimire, and J. Lee, "Nonlinear Transfer Function-Based Local Approach for Color Image Enhancement", IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, Vol.57, No.2, 2011, pp.858-865. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2011.5955233
  21. S. L. Phung, A. Bouzerdoum, and D. Chai, "Skin Segmentation Using Color Pixel Classification: Analysis and Comparison", IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol.27, No.1, 2005, pp.148-154. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2005.17
  22. D. Choi, and K. N. Ngan, "Face Segmentation Using Skin-Color Map in Videophone Applications", IEEE Trans. on Circuit Systems and Video Technology, Vol.9, No.4, 1999, pp.551-564. https://doi.org/10.1109/76.767122
  23. J. Kovac, P. Peer, and F. Solina, "Human Skin Colour Clustering for Face Detection", Int. Conf. on Computer as a Tool EUROCON, Ljubljana Univ., Solvenia, September, 2003.
  24. Y. Huang, X. Ao, and Y. Li, "Real Time Face Detection Based on Skin Tone Detector", Int. Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, Vol.9, No.7, 2009, pp.71-77.
  25. P. Jonathon Phillips, P. J. Flynn, T. Scruggs, K. W. Bowyer, J. Chang, K. Hoffman, J. Marques, J. Min, and W. Worek, "Overview of the Face Recognition Grand Challenge", In IEEE Conf. on CVPR, MD, USA, June, 2005, pp.1-8.

Cited by

  1. Sleep Monitoring System Using Kinect Sensor vol.2015, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/875371
  2. Execution Behavior Modeling Methodology for Large Scale Surveillance System Design and Evaluation vol.2014, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/962015
  3. Development of a Hand Gestures SDK for NUI-Based Applications vol.2015, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/212639
  4. Comparative Study of Human Age Estimation with or without Preclassification of Gender and Facial Expression vol.2014, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/905269
  5. Reliable Fault Classification of Induction Motors Using Texture Feature Extraction and a Multiclass Support Vector Machine vol.2014, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/814593
  6. Comparison of OpenCL and RenderScript for mobile devices vol.75, pp.22, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3244-2
  7. Extreme Learning Machine Ensemble Using Bagging for Facial Expression Recognition vol.10, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3745/JIPS.02.0004
  8. Nonuniform Video Size Reduction for Moving Objects vol.2014, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/832871
  9. Mouse operation on monitor by interactive analysis of intuitive hand motions vol.75, pp.23, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-2357-8
  10. The I-MCTBoost Classifier for Real-time Face Detection in Depth Image vol.19, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2014.19.3.025
  11. Development of simulator for invoked reality environmental design vol.76, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-4116-5
  12. Estimation of Real-Time Flood Risk on Roads Based on Rainfall Calculated by the Revised Method of Missing Rainfall vol.6, pp.9, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/su6096418
  13. 3D face pose estimation by a robust real time tracking of facial features vol.75, pp.23, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-2356-9
  14. Parallelization of a color-entropy preprocessed Chan–Vese model for face contour detection on multi-core CPU and GPU vol.49, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parco.2015.07.002
  15. A framework for unified digital evidence management in security convergence vol.13, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-013-9119-y
  16. System Architecture for Real-Time Face Detection on Analog Video Camera vol.11, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/251386
  17. Development and clinical validation of a novel photography-based skin pigmentation evaluation system: a comparison with the calculated consensus of dermatologists vol.38, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12303
  18. Accurate and robust facial expression recognition system using real-time YouTube-based datasets vol.48, pp.9, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-017-1121-y