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A Study on the Factors Causing Analytical Errors through the Estimation of Uncertainty for Cadmium and Lead Analysis in Tomato Paste

불확도 추정을 통한 토마토 페이스트에서 카드뮴 및 납 분석의 오차 발생 요인 규명

  • Kim, Ji-Young (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Kim, Young-Jun (WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Yoo, Ji-Hyock (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Lee, Ji-Ho (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Kim, Min-Ji (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Kang, Dae-Won (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Im, Geon-Jae (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Hong, Moo-Ki (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Shin, Young-Jae (Department of Environmental Horticulture, Dankook University) ;
  • Kim, Won-Il (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration)
  • 김지영 (국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부) ;
  • 김영준 (서울대학교 농생명공학부 WCU바이오모듈레이션) ;
  • 류지혁 (국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부) ;
  • 이지호 (국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부) ;
  • 김민지 (국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부) ;
  • 강대원 (국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부) ;
  • 임건재 (국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부) ;
  • 홍무기 (국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부) ;
  • 신영재 (단국대학교 환경원예학과) ;
  • 김원일 (국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부)
  • Received : 2011.05.12
  • Accepted : 2011.06.17
  • Published : 2011.06.30

Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to estimate the measurement uncertainty associated with determination of cadmium and lead from tomato paste by ICP/MS. The sources of measurement uncertainty (i.e. sample weight, final volume, standard weight, purity, molecular weight, working standard solution, calibration curve, recovery and repeatability) in associated with the analysis of cadmium and lead were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The guide to the expression of uncertainty was used for the GUM (Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement) and Draft EURACHEM/CITAC (EURACHEM: A network of organization for analytical chemistry in Europe/Co-Operation on International Traceability in Analytical Chemistry) Guide with mathematical calculation and statistical analysis. The uncertainty components were evaluated by either Type A or Type B methods and the combined standard uncertainty were calculated by statistical analysis using several factors. Expected uncertainty of cadmium and lead was $0.106{\pm}0.015$ mg/kg (k=2.09) and $0.302{\pm}0.029$ mg/kg (k=2.16), on basis of 95% confidence of Certified Reference Material (CRM) which was within certification range of $0.112{\pm}0.007$ mg/kg for cadmium (k=2.03) and $0.316{\pm}0.021$ mg/kg for lead (k=2.01), respectively. CONCLUSION(s): The most influential components in the uncertainty of heavy metals analysis were confirmed as recovery, standard calibration curve and standard solution were identified as the most influential components causing uncertainty of heavy metal analysis. Therefore, more careful consideration is required in these steps to reduce uncertainty of heavy metals analysis in tomato paste.

본 연구에서는 국내 농산물 중 중금속의 기준규격 설정이 증가되고 있는 추세이므로 농산물 중 미량의 중금속을 분석함에 있어 발생될 수 있는 측정불확도 및 오차 요인을 규명하는 것은 매우 중요한 업무이다. 따라서 이들을 평가하고, 분석 방법 등을 개선하며 오차를 최소화하여 신뢰성 있는 결과를 얻기 위해서는 측정불확도의 산출이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 측정불확도 인자로 표준품의 무게, 순도, 분자량, 표준용액 제조, 시료무게, 검정곡선, 회수율 등을 불확도 인자로 선택하였으며 이들은 저울 및 피펫, 부피플라스크의 안전성, 분해능, 재현성, 표준품의 순도, 분석기기의 재현성 등이 결과에 영향을 미칠수 있었다. 측정불확도 산출 시 GUM과 EURACHEM에 근거하여 결과를 확인하였으며 각 인자들을 A-type 또는 B-type으로 산출된 표준불확도 값을 확인하여 합성불확도를 산출하였다. 토마토 페이스트를 분석한 결과 카드뮴은 $0.106{\pm}0.015$(mg/kg), 납은 $0.302{\pm}0.029$(mg/kg)로 산출되었다. 확장불확도(U)는 카드뮴 0.015(k=2.09, 신뢰수준 95%), 납 0.029(k=2.16, 신뢰수준 95%)의 결과를 나타내었다. 토마토 페이스트 중 중금속을 분석함에 있어 불확도에 영향을 줄 수 있는 인자는 회수율과 반복측정, 검량곡선, 샘플농도 순으로 확인되었으며, 이를 통해서 시험원들은 분석 시 불확도가 높게 나오는 실험과정에 좀더 세심한 주의가 요구된다. 측정불확도 결과 판단 시 측정된 불확도 값과 더불어 표준시약의 소급성유지, 시험기구의 교정, 실험자의 숙련도 향상 등을 통해 실험결과의 오차를 줄이는 노력이 필요하며, 측정불확도에 영향을 미치는 요인들이 축적된다면 오차 등을 감소시키는 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

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