References
- Ceylan I, Oktay H. A study on the pharyngeal size in different skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995;108:69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70068-4
- Holmberg H, Linder-Aronson S. Cephalometric radiographs as a means of evaluating the capacity of the nasal and nasopharyngeal airway. Am J Orthod 1979;76:479-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(79)90252-5
- Joseph AA, Elbaum J, Cisneros GJ, Eisig SB. A cephalometric comparative study of the soft tissue airway dimensions in persons with hyperdivergent and normodivergent facial patterns. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998;56:135-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(98)90850-3
- Ricketts RM. Respiratory obstruction syndrome. Am J Orthod 1968;54:495-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(68)90218-2
- Lopatiene K, Babarskas A. Malocclusion and upper airway obstruction. Medicina (Kaunas) 2002;38:277-83.
- Angle E. Treatment of malocclusion of the teeth. 7th ed. Philadelphia: SS White Manufacturing Company; 1907. p. 45.
- Linder-Aronson S. Adenoids. Their effect on mode of breathing and nasal airflow and their relationship to characteristics of the facial skeleton and the denition. A biometric, rhino-manometric and cephalometro-radiographic study on children with and without adenoids. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1970;265:1-132.
- Moore A. Observations on mouth breathing. Bull N Z Soc Periodontol 1972;33:9-11.
- Hwang CJ, Ryu YK. A longitudinal study of nasopharynx and adenoid growth of Korean children. Korean J Orthod 1985;15:93-104.
- Lee YS, Kim JC. A cephalometric study on the airway size according to the types of the malocclusion. Korean J Orthod 1995;25:19-29.
- Lee YS, Baik HS, Lee KJ, Yu HS. The structural change in the hyoid bone and upper airway after orthognathic surgery for skeletal class III anterior open bite patients using 3-dimensional computed tomography. Korean J Orthod 2009;39:72-82. https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2009.39.2.72
- Alves PV, Zhao L, O'Gara M, Patel PK, Bolognese AM. Three-dimensional cephalometric study of upper airway space in skeletal class II and III healthy patients. J Craniofac Surg 2008;19:1497-507. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0b013e31818972ef
- Chang HS, Baik HS. A proposal of landmarks for craniofacial analysis using three-dimensional CT imaging. Korean J Orthod 2002;32:313-25.
- Iwasaki T, Hayasaki H, Takemoto Y, Kanomi R, Yamasaki Y. Oropharyngeal airway in children with Class III malocclusion evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136:318.e1-9.
- Kim YI, Kim SS, Son WS, Park SB. Pharyngeal airway analysis of different craniofacial morphology using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Korean J Orthod 2009;39:136-45. https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2009.39.3.136
- Dahlberg G. Statistical methods for medical and biological students. London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd; 1940. p. 1-140.
- Lagravere MO, Carey J, Toogood RW, Major PW. Three-dimensional accuracy of measurements made with software on cone-beam computed tomography images. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;134:112-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.08.024
- Major MP, Flores-Mir C, Major PW. Assessment of lateral cephalometric diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy and posterior upper airway obstruction: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;130:700-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.05.050
- Abramson ZR, Susarla S, Tagoni JR, Kaban L. Three-dimensional computed tomographic analysis of airway anatomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68:363-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.09.086
- Fouke JM, Strohl KP. Effect of position and lung volume on upper airway geometry. J Appl Physiol 1987;63:375-80.
- Pae EK, Lowe AA, Sasaki K, Price C, Tsuchiya M, Fleetham JA. A cephalometric and electromyographic study of upper airway structures in the upright and supine positions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994;106:52-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70021-4
- Proffit WR. Concepts of growth and development. In: Proffit WR, Fields HW, Sarver DM editor. Contemporary orthodontics. 4th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2007. p. 27-9.
- Hwang YI, Lee KH, Lee KJ, Kim SC, Cho HJ, Cheon SH, et al. Effect of airway and tongue in facial morphology of prepubertal Class I, II children. Korean J Orthod 2008;38:74-82. https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2008.38.2.74
- McNamara JA. Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth. Angle Orthod 1981;51:269-300.
- Subtelny JD, Baker HK. The significance of adenoid tissue in velopharyngeal function. Plast Reconstr Surg 1956;17:235-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-195603000-00008
- Mergen DC, Jacobs RM. The size of nasopharynx associated with normal occlusion and Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod 1970;40:342-6.
- Kim YJ, Bok GS, Lee KH, Hwang YI, Park YH. The relationship between upper airway width and facial growth changes in orthodontic treatment of growing children. Korean J Orthod 2009;39:168-76. https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2009.39.3.168
- Behlfelt K, Linder-Aronson S, McWilliam J, Neander P, Laage-Hellman J. Cranio-facial morphology in children with and without enlarged tonsils. Eur J Orthod 1990;12:233-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/12.3.233
- Solow B, Siersbaek-Nielsen S, Greve E. Airway adequacy, head posture, and craniofacial morphology. Am J Orthod 1984;86:214-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(84)90373-7
- Sosa FA, Graber TM, Muller TP. Postpharyngeal lymphoid tissue in Angle Class I and Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod 1982;81:299-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(82)90216-0