The Effectiveness of a Laughter Therapy Group Counseling Program for Anxiety, Depression, and Low Self-Esteem in Mothers

어머니의 분노 및 우울 치료와 자기존중감 향상을 위한 웃음치료 집단상담 프로그램의 효과

  • Received : 2009.12.29
  • Accepted : 2010.03.26
  • Published : 2010.04.30

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a Laughter Therapy Group Counseling Program on overcoming anxiety, depression, and improving the self-esteem of mothers. The State-Trait Anger Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Self-Esteem Scale were used as a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up test respectively. The test results were analyzed using a t-test, a one-way analysis of variance. Twelve mothers suffering from anxiety and depression participated in eight sessions of the program, and were then compared with twelve mothers in the control group who did not receive the treatment. The treatment group showed statistically significant improvements in self-esteem, and reduced levels of anxiety and depression, in comparison to the control group. It was concluded that the program was effective in overcoming anxiety, depression, and improving self-esteem in mothers.

Keywords

References

  1. 강신덕(1997). 비행 청소년 분노조절 훈련 프로그램 개발 및 효과 연구. 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
  2. 고영인(1994). 대학생의 분노표현 양식과 우울 및 공격성과의 관계. 부산대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
  3. 김영애(2002). 자기표현 훈련 프로그램이 초등학교 저학년 아동의 자아존중감에 미치는 효과(초등학생을 중심으로). 충북대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
  4. 김유신 . 고영인(1996). 비합리적인 신념과 분노와의 관계. 경성대학교 학생생활연구소, 4, 73-109.
  5. 김창은(2000). 자기표현훈련 프로그램이 대인불안 및 자아존중감에 미치는 효과(초등학생을 중심으로). 한국교원대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
  6. 류종훈(2007). 웃음치료 건강학. 서울 : 은혜출판사.
  7. 류창현(2006). 웃음치료. 서울 : 북카페.
  8. 류창현(2009). 비행 청소년의 분노조절과 분노감소를 위한 웃음치료와 인지 행동치료의 효과 비교. 한국심리학회지 : 임상, 28, 55-79.
  9. 박미영(1999). 자기존중감을 구성하는 요인 : 영역별 우열 및 자기수용과 전반적인 자기존중감 간의 관계. 부산대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
  10. 이영호(1993). 귀인양식, 생활사건, 사건귀인 및 무망감과 우울의 관계. 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
  11. 이요셉(2006). 하루 5분 웃음운동법, 서울 : 팝콤북스.
  12. 정선미(2004). 웃음훈련이 청소년의 긍정적 부정적 정서에 미치는 효과. 창원대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
  13. Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A Neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106, 529-550.
  14. Beck, A. R. (1967). Depression; Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York : Harper & Row.
  15. Berk, L., & Tan, S. (1989). Eustress of mirthful laughter modifies natural killer cell activity. Clinical Research, 37, 115.
  16. Bioten, F. A. (1988). The effects of emotional behavior on components of the respiratory cycle. Biological Psychology, 49(1), 29-51.
  17. Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (1978). Social origin of depression : A study of psychiatric disorders in women. London : Tavistock.
  18. Cousins, N. (1989). Head first the biology of hope. New York : Dutton.
  19. Deffenbacher, J. L. (1988). Cognitive-relaxation and social skills treatments of anger : A year later. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35(3), 34-36.
  20. Ekman, P. (1984). Expression and the Nature of Emotion. In K. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp.319-334). Hillsdale : Erlbaum.
  21. Ellenson, A. (1982). Human relations. N.J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  22. Flippo, J., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1971). Effects of failure on the self-esteem of depressed and nondepressed subjects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 921-929.
  23. Fry, W. (1992). The physiological effects of humor, mirth, laughter. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267(13), 1857-1858. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.267.13.1857
  24. Fry, W., & Rader, C. (1977). The respiratory components of mirthful laughter. Journal of Biological Psychology, 19(2), 39-50(b)
  25. Fry, W, & Stoft, P. (1971). Mirth and oxygen saturation of peripheral blood. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 19, 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1159/000286308
  26. Gelkopf, M., & Kreitler, S. (1996). Is humor only fun, an alternative cure or magic? The cognitive therapeutic potential of humor. Journal Cognitive Psychotherapy : An International Quarterly, 10(4), 235-254.
  27. Goodheart, Annette (1994). Laughter therapy. Santa Barbara : Less Stress Press.
  28. Goodson, J. T. (2001). An investigation into the effects of humor and laughter on depressive symptom. Logan : Utah State University
  29. Hassed, C. (2001). How humor helps keep you well. Australian Family Physician, 30(1), 25-28.
  30. Hodgkin (1993). Laughter as therapy for patient and care-giver. Philadelphia : Lippincott.
  31. Howells, K., & Day A. (2003). Readiness for anger management : clinical and theoretical issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 319-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00228-3
  32. Isen, A. M. (1993). Positive affect and decision making. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds), Handbook of emotions (pp.261-277). New York : Guilford Press.
  33. James (2001). Modulation of neuro-immune parameters during the eustress of humor-associated mirthful laughter. Alternative Therapies Health Medicine, 7(2), 62-76.
  34. Klein, Allen (1987). Healing power of humor. Nashville : Broadman Press.
  35. Kuhlman T. (1984). Humor and psychotherapy. Homewood : Dow-Jones-Irwin,
  36. Lefcourt, H. (1986). Humor and life stress. New York : Spring Verlag.
  37. Lloyd, E. L. (1938). The respiratory mechanism in laughter. Journal of General Psychology, 10, 179-189.
  38. Provine, Robert R. (2001). Laughter : a scientific investigation. New York : Penguin Putnam Inc.
  39. Roberts, J. E., Gotlib, I. H., & Kessel, J. D. (1996). J. dult attachment security and symptoms of depression : The mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 310-320.
  40. Rosenberg. M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. NJ : Princeton University Press.
  41. Schlichter K. J., & Horan, J. J. (1981). Effects of stress inoculation on the anger and aggression management skills of institutionalized juvenile delinquents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 5(4), 359-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173687
  42. Segerstrom, S., & Miller, G. (2004). Psychological Stress and the Human Immune System : Meta-Analytic Study of 30 Years of Inquiry. The American Psychological Association, 130(4), 601-630.
  43. Shechtman, Z. (1993). Group psychotherapy for the enhancement of intimate friendship and self-esteem among troubled elementary school children. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 484.
  44. Simon, J. M. (1988) Theraputic humor' who's fooling who? Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 26(4), 9-12.
  45. Spielberger, C. D., Russell, S., Crane, R. J., & Jacobs. G. (1983). Assessment of anger : The state-trait anger scale. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances In Personality Assessment, vol. 2. N.J. : Erlbaum.
  46. Taylor, E. (1988). Anger intervention. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 42(3), 147-154. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.42.3.147
  47. Vecchio, T. D., & O'Leary, K. D. (2004). Effectiveness of anger treatment for specific anger problems : A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2003.09.006
  48. Wilson, Steve (1992). Super humor power. Columbus : DPJ Enterprise. Inc.
  49. Wilson, Steve (1998). Chill : 271 Tips, practice & secretes for staying healthy, happy & sane under pressure. Columbus : Steve Wilson and Company.
  50. Wilson, Steve (2004). The World Laughter Tour (DVD) : Makes Good News! Volume 1-2003 Contains 5 Videos. Columbus : The World Laughter Tour, Inc.
  51. Wooten, P. (1996). Humor : An antidote for stress. Holist Nursing Practice, 10(2), 49-56.