참고문헌
- Anas MK, Suzuki C, Yoshioka K and Iwamura S. 2003. Effect of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on bovine oocyte maturation in vitro. Reprod. Toxicol. 17:305-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(03)00014-5
- Andrade AJ, Grande SW, Talsness CE, Gericke C, Grote K, Golombiewski A, Sterner-Kock A and Chahoud I. 2006a. A dose response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): Reproductive effects on adult male offspring rats. Toxicology 228:85-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2006.08.020
- Andrade AJ, Grande SW, Talsness CE, Grote K, Golombiewski A, Sterner-Kock A and Chahoud I. 2006b. A dose-response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): Effects on androgenic status, developmental landmarks and testicular histology in male offspring rats. Toxicology 225:64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2006.05.007
- Arcadi FA, Costa C, Imperatore C, Marchese A, Rapisarda A, Salemi M, Trimarchi GR and Costa G. 1998. Oral toxicity of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate during pregnancy and suckling in the Long-Evans rat. Food Chem. Toxicol. 36:963-970. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(98)00065-9
- Asai D, Tahara Y, Nakai M, Yakabe Y, Takatsuki M, Nose T, Shinmyozu T and Shimohigashi Y. 2000. Structural essentials of xenoestrogen dialkyl phthalates to bind to the estrogen receptors. Toxicol. Lett. 118:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(00)00253-8
- Blount BC, Silva MJ, Caudill SP, Needham LL, Pirkle JL, Sampson EJ, Lucier GW, Jackson RJ and Brock JW. 2000. Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:979-982.
- Bornehag CG, Sundell J, Weschler CJ, Sigsgaard T, Lundgren B, Hasselgren M and Hagerhed-Engman L. 2004. The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: A nested case-control study. Environ. Health Perspect. 112:1393-1397. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7187
- Bosnir J, Puntaric D, Skes I, Klaric M, Simic S and Zoric I. 2003. Migration of phthalates from plastic products to model solutions. Coll. Antropol. 27 Suppl. 1:23-30.
- Calafat AM, Brock JW, Silva MJ, Gray LE Jr, Reidy JA, Barr DB and Needham LL. 2006. Urinary and anmiotic fluid levels of phthalate monoesters in rats after the oral administration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate. Toxicology 217:22-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2005.08.013
- Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2003. The biomarker and endocrine disruptors in mammals. J. Reprod. Dev. 49:337-345. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.49.337
- Christiansen S, Scholze M, Dalgaard M, Vinggaard AM, Axelstad M, Kortenkamp A and Hass U. 2009. Synergistic disruption of external male sex organ development by a mixture of four antiandrogens. Environ. Health Perspect. 117:1839-1846.
- Dang VH, Choi KC, Hyun SH and Jeung EB 2007. Analysis of gene expression profiles in the offspring of rats following maternal exposure to xenoestrogens. Reprod. Toxicol. 23:42-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.08.010
- Davis BJ, Maronpot RR and Heindel JJ. 1994. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate suppresses estradiol and ovulation in cycling rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 128:216-223. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1994.1200
- Fabjan E, Hulzebos E, Mennes W and Piersma AH. 2006. A category approach for reproductive effects of phthalates. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 36:695-726. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408440600894914
- Foster PM, Mylchreest E, Gaido KW and Sar M. 2001. Effects of phthalate esters on the developing reproductive tract of male rats. Hum. Reprod. Update 7:231-235. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/7.3.231
- Grande SW, Andrade AJ, Talsness CE, Grote K and Chahoud I. 2006. A dose-response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: Effects on female rat reproductive development. Toxicol. Sci. 91:247-254. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj128
- Grande SW, Andrade AJ, Talsness CE, Grote K, Golombicwski A, Sterner-Kock A and Chahoud I. 2007. A dose. response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): Reproductive effects on adult female offspring rats. Toxicology 229:114-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2006.10.005
- Gray LE Jr, Laskey J and Ostby J. 2006. Chronic di-n-butyl phthalate exposure in rats reduces fertility and alters ovarian function during pregnancy in female Long Evans hooded rats. Toxicol. Sci. 93:189-195. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfl035
- Gray LE Jr, Ostby J, Furr J, Price M, Veeramachaneni DN and Parks L. 2000. Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat. Toxicol. Sci. 58:350-365. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/58.2.350
- Gray LE Jr, Wolf C, Lambright C, Mann P, Price M, Cooper RL and Ostby J. 1999. Administration of potentially antiandrogenic pesticides (procymidone, linuron, iprodione, chlozolinate, p,p'-DDE, and ketoconazole) and toxic substances (dibutyl- and diethylhexyl phthalate, PCB 169, and ethane dimethane sulphonate) during sexual differentiation produces diverse profiles of reproductive malformations in the male rat. Toxicol. Ind. Health 15:94-118.
- Harris CA, Henttu P, Parker MG and Sumpter JP. 1997. The estrogenic activity of phthalate esters in vitro. Environ. Health Perspect. 105:802-811. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.97105802
- Harrison PT, Holmes P and Humfrey CD. 1997. Reproductive health in humans and wildlife: Are adverse trends associated with environmental chemical exposure? Sci. Total Environ. 205:97-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00212-X
- Heppell SA, Denslow ND, Folmar LC and Sullivan CV 1995. Universal assay of vitellogenin as a biomarker for environmental estrogens. Environ. Health Perspect. 103 Suppl 7:9-15. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s79
- Hirosawa N, Yano K, Suzuki Y and Sakamoto Y. 2006. Endocrine disrupting effect of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on female rats and proteome analyses of their pituitaries. Proteomics 6:958-971. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200401344
- Hong EJ, Ji YK, Choi KC, Manabe N and Jeung EB. 2005. Conflict of estrogenic activity by various phthalates between in vitro and in vivo models related to the expression of Calbindin-D9k. J. Reprod. Dev. 51:253-263. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.16075
- Jobling S, Reynolds T, White R, Parker MG and Sumpter JP. 1995. A variety of environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are weakly estrogenic. Environ. Health Perspect. 103:582-587. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103582
- Kavlock R, Boekelheide K, Chapin R, Cunningham M, Faustman E, Foster P, Golub M, Henderson R, Hinberg I, Little R, Seed J, Shea K, Tabacova S, Tyl R, Williams P and Zacharewski T. 2002. NTP center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction: Phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Reprod. Toxicol. 16:529-653. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(02)00032-1
- Koch HM, Bolt HM, Preuss R and Angerer J. 2005. New metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in human urine and serum after single oral doses of deuterium-labelled DEHP. Arch. Toxicol. 79:367-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-004-0642-4
- Koch HM, Drexler H and Angerer J. 2003. An estimation of the daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and other phthalates in the general population. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 206:77-83. https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4639-00205
- Kumar R, Wieben E and Beecher SJ. 1989. The molecular cloning of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid for bovine vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein: Structure of the full-length protein and evidence for homologies with other calcium-binding proteins of the troponin-C superfamily of proteins. Mol. Endocrinol. 3:427-432. https://doi.org/10.1210/mend-3-2-427
- Lamb JCT, Chapin RE, Teague J, Lawton AD and Reel JR. 1987. Reproductive effects of four phthalic acid esters in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 88:255-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(87)90011-1
- Latini G, Del Vecchio A, Massaro M, Verrotti A and De Felice C. 2006a. In utero exposure to phthalates and fetal development. Curr. Med. Chem. 13:2527-2534. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986706778201666
- Latini G, Del Vecchio A, Massaro M, Verrotti A and De Felice C. 2006b. Phthalate exposure and male infertility. Toxicology 226:90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2006.07.011
- Latini G, Verrotti A and De Felice C. 2004. DI-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and endocrine disruption: A review. Curr. Drug Targets Immune Endocr. Metabol. Disord. 4:37-40. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568008043340017
- Lehmann KP, Phillips S, Sar M, Foster PM and Gaido KW 2004. Dose-dependent alterations in gene expression and testosterone synthesis in the fetal testes of male rats exposed to di (n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicol. Sci. 81:60-68. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfh169
- Lin H, Lian QQ, Hu GX, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Hardy DO, Chen GR, Lu ZQ, Sottas CM, Hardy MP and Ge RS. 2009. In utero and lactational exposures to diethylhexyl-phthalate affect two populations of Leydig cells in male Long-Evans rats. Biol. Reprod. 80:882-888. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.108.072975
- Liu K, Lehmann KP, Sar M, Young SS and Gaido KW. 2005. Gene expression profiling following in utero exposure to phthalate esters reveals new gene targets in the etiology of testicular dysgenesis. Biol. Reprod. 73:180-192. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.104.039404
- Moore NP. 2000. The oestrogenic potential of the phthalate esters. Reprod. Toxicol. 14:183-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(00)00068-X
- Moore RW, Rudy TA, Lin TM, Ko K and Peterson RE. 2001. Abnormalities of sexual development in male rats with in utero and lactational exposure to the antiandrogenic plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:229-237. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109229
- Mylchreest E, Sar M, Wallace DG and Foster PM. 2002. Fetal testosterone insufficiency and abnormal proliferation of Leydig cells and gonocytes in rats exposed to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Reprod. Toxicol. 16:19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00201-5
- Nagao T, Ohta R, Marumo H, Shindo T, Yoshimura S and Ono H. 2000. Effect of butyl benzyl phthalate in Sprague-Dawley rats after gavage administration: A two-generation reproductive study. Reprod. Toxicol. 14:513-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(00)00105-2
- Parks LG, Ostby JS, Lambright CR, Abbott BD, Klinefelter GR, Barlow NJ and Gray LE Jr. 2000. The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat. Toxicol. Sci. 58:339-349. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/58.2.339
- Parveen M, Inoue A, Ise R, Tanji M and Kiyama R. 2008. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of phthalate esters by gene expression profiling using a focused microarray (EstrArray). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 27:1416-1425. https://doi.org/10.1897/07-399.1
- Reinsberg J, Wegener-Toper P, van der Ven K, van der Ven H and Klingmueller D. 2009. Effect of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on steroid production of human granulosa cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 239:116-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.022
- Ren L, Marquardt MA and Lech JJ. 1997. Estrogenic effects of nonylphenol on pS2, ER and MUC1 gene expression in human breast cancer cells-MCF-7. Chem. Biol. Interact. 104:55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2797(97)03767-8
- Rhind SM, Kyle CE, Telfer G, Duff EI and Smith A. 2005. Alkyl phenols and diethylhexyl phthalate in tissues of sheep grazing pastures fertilized with sewage sludge or inorganic fertilizer. Environ. Health Perspect. 113:447-453. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7469
- Shirota M, Saito Y, Imai K, Horiuchi S, Yoshimura S, Sato M, Nagao T, Ono H and Katoh M. 2005. Influence of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on fetal testicular development by oral administration to pregnant rats. J. Toxicol. Sci. 30:175-194. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.30.175
- Soto AM, Sonnenschein C, Chung KL, Fernandez MF, Olea N and Serrano FO. 1995. The E-SCREEN assay as a tool to identify estrogens: An update on estrogenic environmental pollutants. Environ. Health. Perspect. 103 Suppl 7:113-122. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s7113
- Swan SH 2008. Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans. Environ. Res. 108:177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.007
- Takehisa H, Naoko E, Masahiko S, Katsuhide T, Moriyuki O, Keizoh S, Mutsuko T, Kenji K, Shin'ichiro N and Toshio O. 2005. Release behavior of diethylhexyl phthalate from the polyvinyl-chloride tubing used for intravenous administration and the plasticized PVC membrane. Int. J. Pharm. 297:30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.02.015
- Vo TT, Jung EM, Dang VH, Jung K, Baek J, Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2009. Differential effects of flutamide and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on male reproductive organs in a rat model. J. Reprod. Dev. 55:400-411. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.20220
- Wams TJ. 1987. Diethylhexylphthalate as an environmental contaminant-A review. Sci. Total Environ. 66:1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(87)90072-6
- Wieslander G, Norback D, Nordstrom K, Walinder R and Venge P. 1999. Nasal and ocular symptoms, tear film stability and biomarkers in nasal lavage, in relation to building-dampness and building design in hospitals. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 72:451-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200050398
- Wittassek M and Angerer J. 2008. Phthalates: Metabolism and exposure. Int. J. Androl. 31:131-138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00837.x
- Wittassek M, Heger W, Koch HM, Becker K, Angerer J and Kolossa-Gehring M. 2007. Daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by German children - A comparison of two estimation models based on urinary DEHP metabolite levels. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 210:35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.11.009
- Wormuth M, Scheringer M, Vollenweider M and Hungerbuhler K. 2006. What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans? Risk Anal. 26:803-824. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00770.x