Competitive Adsorption of Two Basic Dyes RB5 and GB4 on a Local Clay

점토에 대한 2개 염기성 염료 RB5와 GB4의 경쟁 흡착

Abstract

The equilibrium of adsorption of basics dyes RB 5 and BG 4 from a single dyes in the mixtures on the sodium-exchanged clay of the Maghnia (Algeria) was studied. The maximum adsorption capacities of BR5 and BG4 in single dyes were 465.13 and 469.90 mg/g respectively. In the simultaneous adsorption of BR5 and BG4 from mixture solutions, three different initials concentrations ratios R (R=$C_{(BR5)}/C_{(BG4)}$) were tested: 2.5/1, 1/1 and 1/2.5 using ADMI method. The isotherms adsorptions of dyes from the mixtures are characteristics of competition phenomenon. A very strong interaction between BR5 and BG4 for the active sites of adsorption of surface of clay is obtained for R = 1/1. The ratio R' (R'=$Qe_{(mixture)}/Qe_{(single)}$) of the adsorption capacity of BR5 and BG4 in the mixture were reduced by factor of 0.86, 0.74 and 0.84 for the initials concentrations ratios R (R=$C_{(BR5)}/C_{(BG4)}$) of 2.5/1, 1/1 and 1/2.5 respectively. The variation of the ratio of the adsorption capacity R‘ of BR5 and BG4 in the mixture solutions with initial concentration ratios R indicates that BR5 dye is slightly favourable in the competition adsorption than BG4. Langmuir and Freundlich models fit very well with adsorption behaviour of single dyes as well as the dyes in mixture solutions.

알제리에서 출토되는 소듐-교환된 Maghnia 점에 대한 2개 염기성 염료인 RB5와 BG4의 흡착평형을 조사한 결과, 최대 흡착능은 각기 465.13 와 469.90 mg/g 으로 나타났다. ADMI 방법을 사용한 BR5 and BG4의 동시 흡착 실험에서 3개 다른 초기 농도비R (R=$C_{(BR5)}/C_{(BG4)}$) 2.5/1, 1/1, 1/2.5 을 사용하였다. 염료혼합물로부터 등온흡착 여부를 조사하여 경쟁 흡착인지를 알수 있다. 점토 표면 위 흡착 활성자리를 위한 BR5 and BG4 간 매우 강한 상호작용(R = 1/1)이 관찰되었다. RB 5 와 BG 4의 흡착능의 비율 R' (R'=$Qe_{(mixture)}/Qe_{(single)}$)은 초기 농도 비율 R (R=$C_{(BR5)}/C_{(BG4)}$)이 2.5/1, 1/1 and 1/2.5 인 경우에 대해 각기 0.86, 0.74 and 0.84 로 얻어졌다. Langmuir 와 Freundlich 모델이 각기 염료 뿐만 아니라 염료 혼합물의 흡착 거동에 잘 들어 맞음을 알 수 있었다.

INTRODUCTION

The conscience of the potential impact of the colored effluents and more particularly the azo and triphenylmethanes dyes do not cease growing. Indeed, it is estimated that 10% of the annual production in dyes (approximately 7. 105 tons) are evacuated during the various stages of application and clothes industry.1 These effluents are important sources of pollution of water. The conventional methods of treatment of the aqueous solutions containing dye (the oxydo-reduction and the exchanging resins of ions,2 coagulation/flocculation,3 membrane separation,4 adsorption,5 the biological methods,6 and more recently the advanced processes of oxidation,7 do not allow obtaining threshold of pollution lower or equal to the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) imposed by the environmental recommendations. The adsorption appeared a very effective method for the reduction of the color in aqueous mediums. The clay of Maghnia (Algeria) introduces an alternate candidate, potentially which may undergo beneficiation in the treatment of waste water. Several studies on the effectiveness of adsorbent materials were focused on the adsorption of mono-adsorbate system, however the waste water of textile industry contains several dyes (bi- or multi-adsorbate systems. Indeed the study of adsorption in the systems multi- adsorbed is very complex that is due to the independent factors including:

(I) Possibility of the mutual interactions adsorbateadsorbate;

(II) Modification of the charge of surface of the adsorbent;

(III) Competitive adsorption of dyes for the active sites on the surface of the adsorbent.

In this work, we presented the whole of the experimental results, namely the treatment of purification and the adsorption of RB5 and BG4 in the mono- and Bi-adsorbate systems by using ADMI method. The problem approached in this work is extremely important in the context of sustainable development which prevails today.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Natural clay from Maghnia (Algeria) was used in a purified form. The basic dyes are provided by Acros Organics (99%). Basic red RB5 (C.I. 50040; chemical structure C15H17ClN4; PM = 288.8 g/mole; λmax = 520 Nm and ε = 25000 cm-1 mole-1 dm3) and basic green BG4 (C.I. 42000; chemical structure C23H25N2.1/2C2H2O4.C2HO4; PM = 507.51 g/mole; λmax = 620 Nm and ε = 147620 cm-1 mole-1dm3). The structure of basic dye Neutral red 5 (BR5) and Malachite green oxalates 4 (BG4) are displayed in Fig. 1.

Natural clay was purified from quartz and others noclay minerals by sedimentation following pre-treatment with 0.05 mol/L HCl to remove carbonates and sulphates, H2O2 solution in the ratio of 1:30 (clay suspension: H2O2 = v/v) at 70 ℃ to destroy organic matter. The < 2 μm clay particle size fraction was saturated tree times in Na+ ions with 0.1 mol/L NaCl solution, and washed with distilled water to remove the excess of Cl‒ ions, then separated by centrifugation, freeze dried at 60 ℃ for 24 h and is crushed. The material resulting from different treatments will be indicated by clay-Na. The cation capacity of exchange CEC and total specific surface TSS of our clay-Na sample were estimated by the methylene blue method.8 The values of the CEC and TSS obtained are of 101.7214 meq/100 g of clay-Na and 673.9351 m2/g respectively.

Fig. 1.The structures of basic dyes: (a) Neutral red 5 (BR5); (b) Malachite green oxalates 4 (BG4).

Aqueous dye solution stock was prepared by dissolving accurately weighed neat dye in distilled water to the concentration of 1 g/L.

Experimental solutions were obtained by successive dilutions.

The adsorption isotherms of single dye were carried out, in batch system at room temperature (19 - 22 ℃), by using a known amount of clay-Na sample with solid/liquid ratio of 0.1 g/L. The initial BR5 or BG4 concentration solutions ranged from 5 to 60 mg/L. The pH of the dye solutions was adjusted by solutions of NaOH/ HCl (1 M) and stirred vigorously for 60 mn. At the end of the equilibrium period the solutions were filtered to separate the clay-Na and the residual concentration of BR5 or BG4 in the filtrate measured by UV/Visible spectrophotometer (Safa mc2) at wavelength of 520 nm and 620 nm for BR5 and BG4 respectively. Linear calibrations curves were used in the determination of equilibrium BR5 and BG4 concentrations. The curves were based on standards in the concentration range from 5 to 30 mg/L.

The adsorption isotherms of the mixture of BR5 and BG4 dyes onto clay-Na were studied using the ADMI method. In our experiment, three initials concentrations ratios R (R = C(BR5)/C(BG4)) were tested: 2. 5/1, 1/1 and 1/ 2. 5. The procedures are similar to those in singles dyes. The amount of adsorption at equilibrium Qe(mg/g) was calculated based on the following equation:

Where C0 and Ce are the initial and equilibrium solution concentrations (mg/L) respectively. V is volume of the solutions (l), and m is the weight of Clay-Na (g) used.

The phenomena of adsorption are mainly defined by the models of Langmuir and of Freundlich. The linearized equation is given as follows.9

where Ce is the equilibrium concentration of adsorbate in the solution (mg/l), Qe is the amount of adsorbate adsorbed at equilibrium per unit weight of clay-Na (mg/g), Qmax is the maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g) and Kl is the adsorption equilibrium constant related to the sorption energy between the adsorbate and adsorbent (l/g). Qmax and Kl are computed from the slopes and intercepts of the straight lines of the plot of (Ce/qe) vs. Ce.

The logarithmic form of Freundlich equation is stated as follows.10

where Kf is roughly an indicator of the adsorption capacity (l/g) and (1/n) is the adsorption intensity.A plot of log (Qe) vs. log (Ce) leads to a straight with the slop of (1/n)and an intercepts of logKf.

The adsorption isotherms of mixtures of the two basics dyes onto the clay-Na at room temperature were studied by the removal of ADMI11 from aqueous solutions. This method is based on two principal criteria:

➢ There are no mutual interactions between the two dyes;

➢ The total absorbance for a mixture dye solutions is equal to the summation of the absorbance of each dye;

The adsorption capacities of each dye in mixture solutions are computed using the following equations:

where Aλ, Aλ1, and Aλ2 are the absorbance of UV/VIS spectrometer at wavelength λ, λ1, and λ2, respectively; ABR5 and ABG4 are the absorbances of BR5 and BG4 at wavelength λ, respectively; aBR5 and a'BR5 are the absorbance coefficient of pure BR5 at wavelength λ1 and λ2, respectively; aBG4 and a'BG4 are the absorbance coefficients of pure BG4 at wavelength λ1 and λ2, respectively; CBR5 and CBG4 are the concentrations of BR5 and BG4 in the mixture solutions.

In order to obtain the adsorption capacity for each dye in mixture solutions, the concentrations CBR5 and CBG4 are calculated from equations (5) and (6).

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figures 2 and 3 display the results of the adsorption isotherms of singles dyes and dyes in the mixtures with different initials concentration ratios R. The maximum adsorption capacities of BR5 and BG4 in single dyes were 465.1316 and 469.9068 mg/g respectively. However, in the competition adsorption of RB5 and BG4 from the mixture solutions, the adsorption capacity of each dye in the mixtures was decreased to 401.0266 mg/g of RB5 and 386. 3068 mg/g of VB4 for R = 2.5/1 and 1/2.5 respectively. A strong competition adsorption between BR5 and BG4 dyes for the active sites of clay-Na surface was observed for R = 1/1. These observations join those of former work of Pelekani and al.12 for competitive adsorption between methylene blue and atrazine on the activated carbon.

Fig. 2.Competitive equilibrium adsorption isotherms of BR5 dye in mono- and bi- adsorbed system with initial concentration ratios on clay-Na for C0 = 5 - 60 mg/L, m/v = 0.1 g/L, pH = 7, T = 19 - 22 ℃ and contact time of 60 mn.

Fig. 3.Competitive equilibrium adsorption isotherms of BG4 dye in mono- and bi- adsorbed system with initial concentration ratios on clay-Na for C0 = 5 - 60 mg/L, m/v = 0.1 g/L, pH = 7, T = 19 - 22 ℃ and contact time of 60 mn.

Fig. 4.Variation of R’ and Kl parameters as function of R during the competitive equilibrium adsorption isotherm of VB4 and BR5 dyes in mono- and bi- adsorbed system with initial concentration ratios on clay-Na.

Fig. 5.Variation of R’ and 1/n parameters as function of R during the competitive equilibrium adsorption isotherm of VB4 and BR5 dyes in mono- and bi- adsorbed system with initial concentration ratios on clay-Na.

Table 1.Langmuir and Freundlich parameters of BR5 and VB4 dyes in mono- and bi-adsorbed system with initial concentration ratios on clay-Na for C0 = 5 - 60 mg/L, m/v = 0.1 g/L, pH = 5, T = 19 - 22 ℃ and contact time of 60 min.

Table 1 lists Langmuir and Freundlich linearized models applied for the obtained experimental results of the adsorption isotherms of singles dyes and dyes in the mixtures with different initials concentration ratios. Freundlich model was fitted to the adsorption data slightly better than the Langmuir model with highly significant coefficients of regression (R2 > 0.94), which represents a heterogeneous surface for adsorption.

These results are similar to those obtained for the adsorption of the reactive dyes (RY84, RR147 and RB160) on the wool.13 To understand which dye is more favorable in the competitive adsorption, the experimental adsorption data were expressed in term of the capacity of maximum adsorption ratio R' (R' = Qe (mixture)/Qe (single)). For the adsorption in singles dyes, R' has a value of 1.00 for RB5 and BG4 respectively. However, in the mixtures of dyes, the values of the ratio R' are 0.86, 0.75 and 0.84 respectively for R equal to 2.5/1, 1/1 and 1 /2.5. The order of competitive adsorption of clay with respect to RB5 and BG4 is the following:

R' (BG4 single) = R' (RB5 single) > R' (R =2.5/1) > R' (R =2.5/1) > R' (R =1/1)

It indicates that the competitive adsorption seems to favor the dye RB5 slightly than BG4. This behavior of preferential adsorption can be explained in point of view of molecular weight of the dyes (RB5 = 288.8 g/mole and VB4 = 507. 51 g/mole). The RB5 with one weaker molecular weight will compete with faster for the actives sites than VB4. The similar phenomena have been observed in adsorption of Dye AAVN and RB4 in of acid solutions on chemically cross-linked chitosan beads.14

The plot of experimental data R' and the theoretical data deduced from the adjustments of Langmuir Kl and Freundlich 1/n vs. initial concentrations ratios R are illustrated on Figures 4 and 5. It was found that R' behaves inversely with Kl for both dyes in the range of the R explored, whereas R’ behaves opposite manner with 1/n for R ranged from 2.5/1 to 1/1, on the other hand, it seems that R' and 1/n show a similar behavior when R varying from 1/1 to 1/2.5.

 

CONCLUSION

This study investigated the equilibrium of the adsorption of two basic dyes on the clay-Na in mono- bi- adsorbate aqueous solutions systems. The clay-Na exhibits very high adsorption capacities to remove the basic dyes with maximum adsorption capacity of BR5 and BG4 in single dyes of 465.13 and 469.90 mg/g respectively. In the mixtures, the adsorption capacity of each dye was reduced by a factor of 0.86, 0. 75 and 0.84 for R = 2.5/1, 1/1 and 1/2.5 respectively. A strong competition adsorption between BR5 and BG4 dyes for the active sites of clay-Na surface was observed for R = 1/1 and the competitive adsorption seems to favor the dye RB5 slightly than BG4.

Freundlich model was fitted to the adsorption data slightly better than the Langmuir model in single dyes as well as the dyes in mixture solutions.

The capacity of maximum adsorption ratio R' behaves inversely with Kl for both dyes in the range of the R studied. However R’ behaves opposite manner with 1/n for R ranged from 2.5/1 to 1/1, whereas, it seems that R' and 1/n show a similar behavior when R varying from 1/1 to 1 2,5.