Effects of Mothers' Job Characteristics on Parenting Behaviors and Young Children's Motor, Social, and Cognitive Development

취업모의 직업 특성이 양육행동과 영유아의 운동.사회.인지 발달에 미치는 영향

  • 이현정 (백석대학교 사회복지학부)
  • Received : 2008.10.31
  • Accepted : 2009.05.07
  • Published : 2009.06.30

Abstract

Using samples of working mothers with 0-to-47 month old children extracted from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this study investigated effects of mothers' job characteristics on parenting behaviors and young children's motor, social, and cognitive development. Date were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Results indicated that (1) job dissatisfaction was negatively related to children's development. (2) Working fewer hours was positively associated with mothers' cognitively stimulating parenting behaviors. (3) Total earnings were a positive predictor of mothers' emotional support. (4) The availability of a flexible hour benefit was positively related to mothers' cognitive stimulation level but the availability of a paid sick and vacation days combined benefit was negatively related to mothers' cognitively stimulating parenting behavior.

Keywords

References

  1. 강혜련. 임희정(2000). 성취동기와 가족친화제도가 기혼 여성의 직장-가정 갈등과 경력 몰입에 미치는 조절 변인의 효과. 한국심리학회지 : 여성, 5(2), 1-14.
  2. 김재희. 박경란(2004). 취업모의 양육행동과 유아의 사회적 능력간의 관계. 한국영유아보육학, 15(0), 295-319.
  3. 문혁준(2003). 유아기 자녀를 둔 취업모와 비취업모의 생활만족도 비교연구. 아동학회지, 24(5), 59-75.
  4. 박성연. 임미리(2002). 취업모의 직업관련 특성, 탁아기관의 질 및 심리적 안녕감이 양육행동에 미치는 영향. 한국가정관리학회지, 20(2), 57-68.
  5. 보건복지부(2000). 보건복지 통계연보.
  6. 서윤신(1993). 어미니의 취업에 대한 학력이 아동의 태도와 사회적 능력에 관한 연구. 이화여자대학교 석사학위청구논문.
  7. 이세인. 이숙현. 권영인(2007). 가족의 지원 및 가족 친화적 조직 문화가 사무직 취업모의 일-가족 갈등에 미치는 영향. 한국가족관계학회지, 12(3), 29-57.
  8. 이요행. 방묘진. 오세진(2005). 가족친화적 조직문화가 조직몰입, 직장만족, 이직의도, 그리고 가족만족에 미치는 영향 : 직장-가정 갈등의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지 : 산업 및 조직, 18(3), 639-657.
  9. 유신희(1986). 어미니의 직업과 유아발달과의 관계에 대한 연구. 중앙대학교 석사학위청구논문.
  10. Abbott, A., Barlett, D., Fanning, J., & Kramer, J. (2000). Infant motor development and aspects of the home environment. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 12, 62-67.
  11. Baker, P. C, Keck, C. K., Mott, F. L., & Quinlan, S. V. (1993). NLSY child handbook : A guide to the 1986-1990 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth child data(Rev.ed.). Columbus, OH : Center for Human Resource Research.
  12. Barling, J. (1986). Fathers' work experiences, the father-child relationship and children's behaviour. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 7(1), 61-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030070108
  13. Barling, J., & Van Ban, D. (1984). Mothers' subjective employment experiences and the behavior of their nursery school children. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 57, 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1984.tb00147.x
  14. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research : Conceptual, strategic, and statistical consideration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  15. Blau, F. D., & Grossberg, A. J. (1992). Maternal labor supply and children's cognitive development. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74, 474-481. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109492
  16. Bogen, K., & Joshi, P. (2001, September). Bad work or good move : The relationship of part-time and nonstandard work schedule s to parenting and child behavior in working poor families. Paper presented at the Conference on Working Poor Families : Coping as Parents and Workers, Bethesda, MD.
  17. Bradley, R. H., & Caldwell, B. (1984a). The HOME inventory and family demographics. Developmental Psychology, 20, 315-320. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.315
  18. Bradley, R. H., Corwyn, R. F., Burchinal, M., McAdoo, H. P., & Coll Garcia, G. (2001). The home environments of children in the United States part II : Relations with behavioral development through age thirteen. Child Development, 72(6), 1868-1886. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00383
  19. Brady-Smith, C. (2002). How does early maternal employment affect young children in low-income families? Examining the roles of state welfare policy, maternal well-being, and parenting. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Columbia, New York, NY, USA.
  20. Brooks-Gunn, J., Han, W., & Waldfogel, J. (2002). Maternal employment and child cognitive outcomes in the first three years of life : The NICHD study of early child care. Child Development, 75(4), 1052-1072.
  21. Center for Human Resource Research (1989). NLSY Child handbook. Columbus, OH : The Ohio State University.
  22. Cooksey, E., Menaghan, E., & Jekielek, S. M. (1997). Life-course effects of work and family circumstances on children. Social Forces, 76(2), 637-667. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580727
  23. Dunifion, R., Kalil, A., & Bajracharya, A. (2005). Maternal working conditions and child well-being in welfare-leaving families. Developmental Psychology, 41(6), 851-59. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.6.851
  24. Estes, S. B. (2004). How are family-responsive workplace arrangements family friendly? Employer accommodations, parenting, and children's socioemotional well-being. The Sociological Quarterly, 45(4), 637-661. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2004.tb02308.x
  25. Galinsky, E., Bond, J. T., & Friedman, D. E. (1996). The role of employers in addressing the needs of employed parents. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 111-136.
  26. Garrett, P., Ng'andu, N., & Ferron, J. (1994). Poverty experiences of young children and the quality of their home environments. Child Development, 65, 331-345. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131387
  27. Geschwender, L. E., & Parcel, T. L. (1995). Objective and subjective parental working conditions' effects on child outcomes : A comparative test. Research in the Sociology of Work, 5, 259-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973159500500301
  28. Goyen, T., & Lui, K. (2002). Longitudinal motor development of "apparently normal" high-risk infants at 18 months, 4, and 5 years. Early Human Development, 70, 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3782(02)00094-4
  29. Greenstein, T. N. (1995). Are the "most advantaged" children truly disadvantaged by early maternal employment? Journal of Family Issues, 16, 149-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251395016002002
  30. Guo, G., & Harris, K. M. (2000). The mechanisms mediating the effects of poverty on children's intellectual development. Demography, 37(4), 431-447. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2000.0005
  31. Han, W. (2002). Nonstandard work schedules and child cognitive outcomes. Paper presented at the meeting of the National Academy of Science Committee on family and Work Policies. Irvine, CA.
  32. Han, W. (2005). Nonstandard work schedules and child cognitive outcomes. Child Development, 76(1), 137-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00835.x
  33. Harvey, E. (1999). Short-term and long-term effects of early parental employment on children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Developmental Psychology, 35, 445-459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.445
  34. Heymann, S. J., & Earle, A. (2001). The impact of parental working conditions on school-aged children : The case of evening work. Community. Work and Family, 4(3), 305-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01405110120089369
  35. Huston, A. C, & Aronson, S. R. (2005). Mothers' time with infant and lime in employment as predictors of mother-child relationships and children's early development. Child Development, 76(2), 467-482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00857.x
  36. Jackson, A. P. (2003). Mothers' employment and poor and near-poor African-American children's development : A longitudinal study. Social Service Review, 77(1), 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1086/345706
  37. Jackson, A. P., Brooks-Gunn, J., Huang, C, & Glassman, M. (2000). Single mothers in low-wage jobs : Financial strain, parenting, and preschoolers' outcomes. Child Development, 71(5), 1409-1423. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00236
  38. Menaghan, E., & Parcel, T. L. (1991). Determining children's home environments : The impaci of maternal characteristics and current occupational and family conditions. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 417-431. https://doi.org/10.2307/352909
  39. Menaghan, E., & Parcel, T. L. (1995). Social sources of change in children's home environments : The effects of parental occupational experiences and family conditions. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 69-84. https://doi.org/10.2307/353817
  40. Meyer, D. R., & Cancian, M. (1998). Economic well-being following an exit from Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 479-492. https://doi.org/10.2307/353863
  41. NICHD [National Institute of Child Health and Human Development] Early Child Care Research Network. (1997). The effects of infant child care on infant-mother attachment security : Results of the NICHD Study of early child care. Child Development, 68(5), 860-879.
  42. Parcel, T. L., & Menaghan, E. G. (1990). Maternal working conditions and children's verbal facility : Studying the intergeneralional transmission of inequality from mothers to young children. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 132-147. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786675
  43. Parcel, T. L., & Menaghan, E. G. (1994). Early parental work, family social capital, and early childhood outcomes. American Journal of Sociology, 99, 972-1009. https://doi.org/10.1086/230369
  44. Parks, P., & Bradley, R. (1991). The interaction of home environment features and their relation to infant competence. Infant Mental Health, 12, 3-16.
  45. Raber, M. J. (1994). Women in the workplace : Implications for child care. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 9(3-4), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1300/J022v09n03_03
  46. Ramey, C. T., & Ramey, S. L. (1998). Prevention of intellectual disabilities : Early interventions to improve cognitive development. Preventive Medicine, 27, 224-232. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1998.0279
  47. Raver, C. C. (2003). Does work pay psychologically as well as economically? The role of employment in predicting depressive symptoms and parenting among low-income families. Child Development, 74(6), 1720-1736. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00634.x
  48. Rogers, S. J., Parcel, T. L., & Menaghan, E. G. (1991). The effects of maternal working conditions and mastery on child behavior problems : Studying the intergeneralional transmission of social control. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32, 145-64. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137149
  49. Roos, P. A., & Treiman, D. J. (1980). Worker functions and worker traits for the 1970 U. S. Census classification. In A. R. Miller, D. J. Treiman, P. S. Cain, & P. A. Roos (Eds)., Work, jobs, and occupation(pp.336-89). Washington, DC : National Academy Press.
  50. Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (Eds.). (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods : The science of early childhood development. Washington, DC : National Academy Press.
  51. Strazdins, L., Korda, R. J., Lim, L.L-Y., Broom, D. H., & D'Souza, R. M. (2004). Around-the-clock : Parent work schedules and children's well-being in a 24-h economy. Social Science and Medicine, 59, 1517-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.01.022
  52. Thompson, R. A. (2001). Development in the first years of life. The Future of Children, 11(1), 21-33.
  53. Thompson, C. A., Beauvais, L. L., & Lyness, K. S. (1999). When work-family benefits are not enough : The influence of work-family culture on benefit utilization, organizational attachment, and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392-415. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1681
  54. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2002). Employment characteristics of families in2001.. Washington,DC : Author.
  55. Waldfogel, J., Han, W., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002). The effects of early maternal employment on child cognitive development. Demography, 39, 369-392. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2002.0021