References
- KurIan R, McDermott MP, Deeley C, Como PG, Brower C, Eapen S, et al, Prevalence of tics in schoolchildren and association with placement in special education. Neurology 2001;57:1383-1388. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.57.8.1383
- Gadow K, Nolan E, Sprafkin J, Schwartz J. Tics and psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:330-338.
- Price RA, Kidd KK, Cohen DJ, Pauls DL, Leckman JF. A twin study of Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:815-820. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790310077011
- Hyde TM, Aaronson BA, Randolph C, RickIer KC, Weinberger DR. Relationship of birth weight to the phenotypic expression of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in monozygotic twins. Neurology 1992;42:652-658. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.42.3.652
- Pauls DL, Leekman JF. The inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and associated behaviors: evidence for autosomal dominant transmission. N Engl J Med 1986;315:993-997. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198610163151604
- Walkup JT, LaBuda MC, Singer HS, Brown J, Riddle MA, Uurko O. Family study and segregation analysis of Tourette syndrome: evidence for a mixed model of inheritance. Am J Hum Genet 1996;59:684-693.
- Seuchter SA, Hebebrand J, Klug B, Knapp M, Lehmkuhl G, Poustka F, et al, Complex segregation analysis of families ascertained through Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Genet Epidemiol 2000;18:33-47. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2272(200001)18:1<33::AID-GEPI3>3.0.CO;2-2
- Comings DE, Gade R, Wu S, Chiu C, Dietz G, Muhleman D, et al. Studies of the potential role of the dopamine D1 receptor gene in addictive behaviors. Mol Psychiatry 1997;2:44-56. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000207
- Comings DE, Muhleman D, Dietz G, Dino M, LeGro R, Gade R. Association between Tourette's syndrome and homozygosity at the dopamine D3 receptor gene. Lancet 1993;341:906.
- Comings DE, Comings BG, Muhleman D, Dietz G, Shahbahrami B, Tast D, et al. The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA 1991;266:1793-1800. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.266.13.1793
- Comings DE, Wu S, Chiu C, Ring RH, Gade R, Ahn C, et al. Polygenic inheritance of Tourette syndrome, stuttering, attention deficit hyperactivity, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder: the additive and subtractive effect of the three dopaminergic genes-DR02, D beta H, and DAT1. Am J Med Genet 1996;67:264-288. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960531)67:3<264::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-N
- Diaz-Anzaldua A, Joober R, Riviere JB, Dion Y, Lesperance P, Richer F, et al, Tourette syndrome and dopaminergic genes: a family-based association study in the French Canadian founder population. Mol Psychiatry 2004;9:272-277. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001411
- Rowe DC, Stever C, Gard JM, Cleveland HH, Sanders ML, Abramowitz A, et al. The relation of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) to symptoms of internalizing disorders in children. Behav Genet 1998;28:215-225. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021427314941
- Grossman MH, Emanuel BS, Budarf ML. Chromosomal mapping of the human Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene to 22q11.1-q11.2. Genomics 1992;12:822-825. https://doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(92)90316-K
- Lachman HM, Morrow B, Sphrintzen R. Association of codons 108/158 catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism with the psychiatric manifestations of velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1996;67:468-472. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960920)67:5<468::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-G
- Eisenberg J, Mei-Tal G, Steinberg A, Tartakovsky E, Zohar A, Gritsenko I, et al. Haplotype relative risk study of catechol-Omethytransferase and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): association of the high-enzyme activity allele with ADHD impulsive-hyerpactive people. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:497-502. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<497::AID-AJMG12>3.0.CO;2-F
- Gogos JA, Morgan M, Luine V, Santha M, Ogawa S, Pfaff D, et al, Catechol-O-methyltransferase-deficient mice exhibit sexually dimorphic changes in catecholamine levels and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1998;95:9991-9996. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.17.9991
- Karayiorgou M, Altemus M, Galke BL, Goldman D, Murphy DL, Ott J, et al, Genotype determining low catechol-O-methy-Itransferase activity as a risk factor for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1997;94:4572-4575. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.9.4572
- Barr CL, Wigg KG, Sandor P. Catechol-O-methyltransferase and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 1999;4:492-495. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000549
- Cavallini MC, Di Bella D, Catalano M, Bellodi L. An association study between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, COMT polymorphism, and Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatry Res 2000;97:93-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00220-1
- Swanson JM, Sunohara GA, Kennedy JL, Regino R, Fineberg E, Wigal Tet, et al. Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene with a refined phenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a family-based approach. Mol Psychiatry 1998;3:38-41. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000354
- Park TW, Hong YJ, Park IS, Kim HS, Choi IM, Bae SY, et al. Association study of functional Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) gene polymorphism in Korean schizophrenia. Kor J Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2001;40:708-717.
- Cheon KA, Jun JJ, Cho DY. Association of the Catechol-O-methlytransferase Polymorphism with Methylphenidate Response in Classroom Setting in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacology 2008;23:291-298. https://doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0b013e328306a977
- Kim BN, Lim JI, Cho SC. Association between Tourette disorderand Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT) gene in Korean subjects. J Kor Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;15:178-184.
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington DC: APA Press; 1994.
- Leckman JF, Riddle MA, Hardin MT, Ort SI, Swartz KL, Stevenson J, et al. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989;28:566-573. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198907000-00015
- Guy W. ECDU Asessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, Revised. Bethesda: us Depertment of Health, Education and Welfare; 1976.
- Hawi Z, Millar N, Daly G, Fitzgerald M, Gill M. No association between catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene polymorphism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in an Irish sample. Am J Med Genet 2000;96:282-284. https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-8628(20000612)96:3<282::AID-AJMG9>3.0.CO;2-R
- Sham PC, Curtis D. An extended transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) for multi-allele marker loci. Ann Hum Genet 1995;59:323-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1995.tb00751.x
- Horvath S, Xu X, Laird NM. The family based association test method: strategies for studying general genotype--phenotype associations. Eur J Hum Genet 2001;9:301-306. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200625
- Ishiguro H, Harno Shibuya T, Torn M, Saito T, Arinami T. Association study between high and low activity polymorphism of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene and alcoholism. Psychiatr Genet 1999;9:135-138. https://doi.org/10.1097/00041444-199909000-00004
- Walkup JT. Stimulant treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with Tourette disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994;25 :248-250.