Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (대한환경공학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (대한환경공학회)
권호 표지

Monitoring and Evaluation of Analytical Methods of Perchlorate with IC and LC/MS

IC와 LC-MS를 이용한 퍼클로레이트 분석 방법 비교 및 모니터링

  • Kim, Hwa-Bin (Department of Environment Engineering, Pusan National University) ;
  • Sim, Won-Jin (Department of Environment Engineering, Pusan National University) ;
  • Kim, Min-Young (Department of Environment Engineering, Pusan National University) ;
  • Oh, Jeong-Eun (Department of Environment Engineering, Pusan National University)
  • Published : 2008.01.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this study, we tried to establish analysis methods of perchlorate with ion chromatography(IC) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry(LC/MS) and monitored perchlorate levels in various kinds of water and soil samples. The obtained method detection limit(MDL) of IC was 1 ppb and that of LC/MS was 0.005 ppb in water sample. We monitored the ground and spring water in Busan and the average perchlorate level in ground water was 0.031 $\pm$ 0.011 ppb and that of spring water was 0.013 $\pm$ 0.014 ppb. Wastewater samples were also examined and the levels of perchlorate ranged from 0.007 to 0.380 ppb. The perchlorate levels in all water samples investigated in this study were below the EPA guideline.

본 연구에서는 퍼클로레이트 분석에 주로 사용되고 있는 IC와 LC/MS를 사용해 퍼클로레이트 분석법을 정립하고 각 분석법의 장단점 및 효율을 파악해 수질 및 토양 시료에서의 퍼클로레이트를 모니터링 하고자 하였다. 각 분석기기를 사용한 최적분석 방법을 정립한 결과 IC에서의 MDL은 1 ppb였으며 LC-MS에서의 MDL은 0.005 ppb였다. 정립된 분석방법으로 부산시 내의 지하수 및 약수터, 하수처리장과 토양 시료를 대상으로 하여 퍼클로레이트 모니터링을 실시하여 퍼클로레이트에 대한 노출정도를 평가하였다. 평균 퍼클로레이트 농도는 약수터에서는 0.013 $\pm$ 0.014 ppb, 지하수 0.031 $\pm$ 0.011 ppb로 나타났고 하수처리장 폐수에서는 0.007$\sim$0.380 ppb의 범위로 퍼클로레이트가 검출되었다. 모든 시료에서의 퍼클로레이트 농도는 EPA 기준인 24.5 ppb 이하로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. Phlip, N.S., Lu, Y., Scott T.M., and Todd, A.A., "Perchlorate in water, soil, vegetation and redents collected from the Las Vegas Wash, Nevada, USA," Environ. Pollut., 132(1), 121-127(2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.03.017
  2. Jason, V.D., Andrea, B.K., and Purnendu, K.D., "Sample processing method for the determination of perchlorate milk," Anal. Chim. Acta, 567(1), 73-78(2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.024
  3. Oscar, Q., Oh, J.E., Brett, J.V., Joonha, K., Cho, J.W., and Shane, A.S., "Perchlorate Assessment of the Nakdong and Yeongsan Watersheds, South Korea," Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 26(7), 1349-1354(2007) https://doi.org/10.1897/06-469R.1
  4. Sanchez, C.A., Crump, K.S., Krieger, R.I., Khandaker, N.R., and Gibbs, J.P., "Perchlorate and nitrate in leafy vegetables of North America," Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(24), 9391-9397(2005) https://doi.org/10.1021/es050804k
  5. Jackson, E. and John, J.E., "Determination of perchlorate at parts -per- billion levels in plants by ion chromatography," J. Chromatogr., 898(2), 193-199(2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00842-6
  6. Alexander, J.K. and Richard, A.N., "Determination of perchlorate anion in foods ion chromatography - tandem spectrometry," Anal. Chem., 76(18), 5518-5522(2004) https://doi.org/10.1021/ac049281+
  7. Kang, T., Pumendu, K.D., and Todd, A.A., "Preconcentration/ preelution ion chromatography for the determination of perchlorate in complex samples," Talanta, 65(3), 750-755(2005) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.08.001
  8. Sarah, J.S., Richrd, B.W., Dennis, R.H., Stephen, J.K., and Donald, L.M., "Stability of low levels of perchlorate in drinking water and natural water samples," Anal. Chim. Acta, 567(1), 108-113(2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.030
  9. Maria, W.T., "Development of a drinking water regulation for perchlorate in Califonia," Anal. Chim. Acta, 567(1), 20-25(2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.087
  10. Alexander, J.K., Richard, A.N., David, A.N., "Streamlined sample preparation procedure for determination of perchlorate anion in foods by ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry," Analy. Chim. Acta, 567(1), 94-99 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.005
  11. Cal, Baier-A, "Risk assessment, remedial decisions and the challenge to protect public health: The perchlorate case study," Anal. Chim. Acta, 567(1), 13-19(2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.047
  12. Andrea, B.K., "Envirnoment perchlorate: why it matters," Anal. Chim. Acta, 567(1), 4-12(2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.047
  13. Jason, V.D. and Kazuaki, I., "Perchlorate in dairy milk. Comparison of Japan versus the united states," Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(1), 88-92(2007) https://doi.org/10.1021/es061429e
  14. 윤재경, Gary Amy, 윤여민, 김충환, 안효원, "RO, NF 멤 브레인을 이용한 perchlorate 이온제거 및 운전조건에 따 른 스케일 형성에 관한 연구," 대한환경공학회 학술연구 발표회 논문집, 1111-1112(2005)
  15. US Environmental Protection Agency Region 9., "Perchlorate Monitoring Results Henderson, Nevada to the Lower Colorado River," Perchlorate Monitoring Report, US EPA Waste Management Division, San Francisco, pp. 3-7(2004)
  16. Johnson, M., Jay, G., and Joe, H., "Trace level perchlorate analysis by ion chromatography-mass spectrometry," J. Chromatogr. A, 1085(1), 54-59(2005) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.015
  17. Yali, S., Ping, Z., and Yawei, W., "Perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled water and milk collected from different areas in China," Environ. international, 33(7), 955-962(2007) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2007.05.007
  18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Home Page, http:// www.epa.gov/swerffrr/documents/perchlorate_links.htm# policies
  19. Denise, K.M., Shana, R.D., Anthony, J.B., Scott, A.W., and Prem, N.A., "Influence of soil type and extraction conditions on perchlorate analysis by ion chromatography," Chemosphere, 67(2), 344-350(2006)
  20. Koji, K., Mari, A., Yukiko, M., Masahiro, K., and Shoichi, K., "Occurrence of perchlorate in drinking water sources of metropolitan area in Japan," Water Res., 41(15), 3474-3482(2007) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.011
  21. 김화빈, 오정은, 조재원, 이승윤, and Shane A. S., "낙동 강 수계 및 수돗물에서의 Perchlorate 분석," 대한환경공학회지, 28(7), 776-781(2006)
  22. Robert, P.D, Kham, L., Thomas, T.M., and Richard, W.W., "Analysis of perchlorate in difficult matrices by LC/MS," Federal facilities environmental journal/winter, 27-42(2005)
  23. Shane, A.S., Brett, J.V., and David, J.R., "Trace analysis of bromate, chlorate, lodate, and perchlorate in natural and bottled waters," Environ. Sci Technol., 39(12), 4586-4593(2005) https://doi.org/10.1021/es047935q
  24. Houssain, E.A., Yves, J.C., Blanc, L., Antonsen, S., and Sakuma, T., "Analysis of perchlorate in foods and beverages by ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry(IC-ESI-MS/MS)," Anal. Chim. Acta, 567(1), 39-47(2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.012
  25. Susan, D.R., "Dicinfction by-products and other emerging contaminants in drinking water," Trends Anal. Chem., 22(10), 666-684(2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(03)01003-3
  26. Gillett, A., Lakhani, M., Ahmed, M.S., and Raza, H., "Hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of anti-diabetic Momordica charantia(karela) fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats," Diabetes, 51(3), 155-161(2001)