Smart Structures and Systems

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Design and demonstrators testing of adaptive airfoils and hingeless wings actuated by shape memory alloy wires

  • Mirone, Giuseppe (Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Meccanica, University of Catania)
  • Received : 2005.05.24
  • Accepted : 2006.06.07
  • Published : 2007.01.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Two aspects of the design of a small-scale smart wing are addressed in this work, related to the ability of the wing to modify its cross section assuming the shape of two different airfoils and to the possibility of deflecting the profiles near the trailing edge in order to obtain hingeless control surfaces. The actuation is provided by one-way shape memory alloy wires eventually coupled to springs, Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) being among the most promising materials for this kind of applications. The points to be actuated along the profiles and the displacements to be imposed are selecetd so that they satisfactorily approximate the change from an airfoil to the other and to result in an adequate deflection of the control surface; the actuators and their performances are designed so that an adequate wing stiffness is guaranteed, in order to prevent excessive deformations and undesired airfoil shape variations due to aerodynamic loads. The effect of the pressure distributions, calculated by way of the XFOIL software, and of the actuators loads, is estimated by FE analyses of the loaded wing. Two prototypes are then realised incorporating the variable airfoil and the hingeless aileron features respectively, and the verification of their shapes in both the actuated and non-actuated states, supported by image analysis techniques, confirms that interesting results are achievable with the proposed lay out and design considerations.

Keywords

References

  1. Auricchio, F. and Sacco, E. (1999), "A temperature-dependent beam for shape-memory alloys: costitutive modelling, finite-element implementation and numerical simulations", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 174, 171-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7825(98)00285-0
  2. Brinson, C. (1993), "One-dimensional constitutive behavior of shape memory alloys: thermomechanical derivation with non-constant material functions and redefined martensite internal variable", J. Intell. Mat. Strut., 4, 229-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X9300400213
  3. Brinson, C. L. and Huang, M. S. (1996), "Simplifications and comparisons of shape memory alloy constitutive models", J. Intell. Mat. Struct., 7, 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X9600700112
  4. Brocca, M., Brinson, L. C. and Bazant, Z. P. (2002), "Three-dimensional constitutive model for shape memory alloys based on microplane model", J. Mech. Phy. Solids, 50, 1051-1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5096(01)00112-0
  5. Di Lecce, M. (1997), Fondamenti di Aerotecnica, IBN Editore, Rome.
  6. Drela, M. (2001), XFOIL v.6.9 User Guide, MIT Aero & Astro Harold Youngren Aerocraft, Inc.
  7. Ezley, D. M., Aarash, Y. N. and Wadley, H. N. G. (2005), "A shape memory based multifunctional structural actuator panel", Int. J. Solids Struct., 42, 1943-1955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.05.034
  8. FLemings, G. A. and Burner, A. W. (1999), "Deformation measurements of smart aerodynamic surfaces", 44th SPIE International Symposyum on Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation.
  9. Garner, L. J., Wilson, L. N., Lagoudas, D. C. and Rediniotis, O. K. (2000), "Development of a shape memory alloy actuated biomimetic vehicle", Smart. Mat. Struct. 9, 673-783. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/9/5/312
  10. Govindjee, S. and Garrett, J. H. (2000), "A computational model for shape memory alloys", Int. J. Solids Struct., 37, 735-760. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7683(99)00048-7
  11. Huang, W. (2002) "On the selection of shape memory alloys for actuators", Materials and Design, 23, 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3069(01)00039-5
  12. Icardi, U. (2001), "Large bending actuator made with SMA contractile wires: theory, numerical simulation and experiments", Composites Part B, 32, 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(00)00062-7
  13. Kroo, I. (1997), Applied Aerodynamics: a Digital Textbook, Version 4.1, Stanford, Desktop Aeronautics, Inc.
  14. Lu, K-J. and Kota, S., (2002), "Compliant mechanism synthesis for shape-change applications: preliminary results", SPIE Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, 4693, 161-172.
  15. Lu, K. Z. and Weng, G. J. (1997), "Martensitic transformations and stress-strain relations of shape-memory alloys", J. Mech. Phy. Solids, 45, 1905-1928. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5096(97)00022-7
  16. Monner, H. P. (2001), "Realization of an optimized wing camber by using formvariable flap structures", Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 5, 445-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1270-9638(01)01118-X
  17. Neal, D. A., Matthew, C. G. Johnston, C. O., Robertshaw, H. H., Mason, W. H. and Inman, D. J. (2004), "Design and wind-tunnel analysis of a fully adaptive aircraft configuration", AIAA paper 2004-1727.
  18. Strelec, J. K., Lagoudas, C. C., Khan, M. A. and Yen, J. (2003), "Design and implementation of a shape memory alloy actuated reconfigurable airfoil", J. Intell. Mat. Syst. Struct., 14, 257-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X03034687
  19. Tanaka, K., Nishimura, F., Hayashi, T., Tobushi, H. and Lexcellent, C. (1995), "Phenomenological analysis on subloops and cyclic behaviour in shape memory alloys under mechanical and/or thermal loads", Mech. Mat., 19, 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(94)00038-I
  20. Tanaka, K., Nishimura, F. and Tobushi, H. (1995), "Transformation start lines in TiNi and Fe-based shape memory alloys after incomplete transformations induced by mechanical and/or thermal loads", Mechanics of Materials, 19, 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(94)00035-F
  21. Talay, T. A. (1975), "Introduction to the aerodynamics of flight", Langley Research Centre, NASA SP367.
  22. Trochu, F., Sacepe, N., Volkov, O. and Turenne, S. (1999), "Characterization of NiTi shape memory alloys using dual kriging interpolation", Mater. Sci. Eng., A273, 395-399.
  23. Van Blyenburgh, P. (1999), "UAVs: an overview", Air and Space Europe, 1, 43-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1290-0958(00)88869-3

피인용 문헌

  1. Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing vol.30, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2017.02.001
  2. Modeling and Testing of a Morphing Wing in Open-Loop Architecture vol.47, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.2514/1.46480
  3. Nonlinear analysis for a novel actuator vol.45, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2009.10.003
  4. Airfoil Structural Morphing Based on S.M.A. Actuator Series: Numerical and Experimental Studies vol.22, pp.10, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X11416032
  5. Double displacement coupled forced response for electromechanical integrated electrostatic harmonic drive vol.29, pp.5, 2008, https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2008.29.5.581
  6. Airfoil morphing based on SMA actuation technology vol.86, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-10-2012-0194
  7. An investigation of shape memory alloys as actuating elements in aerospace morphing applications vol.24, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2016.1196772
  8. A Review of Morphing Aircraft vol.22, pp.9, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X11414084
  9. Speed control of an electromechanical integrated electrostatic harmonic actuator vol.34, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2010.03.007
  10. A review on shape memory alloys with applications to morphing aircraft vol.23, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/6/063001
  11. Nonlinear Dynamic Characteristics and Optimal Control of SMA Composite Wings Subjected to Stochastic Excitation vol.2015, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/523723
  12. Double-Coupled Dynamics for the Electromechanical Integrated Electrostatic Harmonic Drive vol.36, pp.2, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1080/15397730802010042