References
- Acierno, R, Kilatrick, D.G., Resnick, H., Saunders, B., De Arellano, M., & Best, C. (2000). Assault, PTSD, family substance use, and depression as risk factors for cigarette use in youth: Findings from the National Survey of Adolescents. J Trauma Stress, 13(3),381-396 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007772905696
- Albers, AB., & Biener, L. (2002). The role of smoking and rebelliousness in the development of depressive symptoms among a cohort of Massachusetts adolescents. Prev Med, 34, 625-631 https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2002.1029
- Arday, D.R., Giovino, G.A., Schulman, J., Nelson, D.E., Mowery, P., & Samet, J.M. (1995). Cigarette smoking and self-reported health problems among U.S. high school seniors, 1982-1989. Am J Health Promot, 10(2),111-116
- Audrain-McGovern, J., Lerman, C., Wileyto, E.P., Rodriguez, D., & Shields, P.G. (2004). Interacting effects of genetic predisposition and depression on adolescent smoking progression. Am J Psychol, 161,1224-1230 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.1224
- Berkson, J. (1946). Limitations to the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biometrics Bulletin, 2(3),47-53 https://doi.org/10.2307/3002000
- Boys, A, Taylor, F.C., Marsden, J., Brugha, T., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., et al. (2003). Psychiatric morbidity and substance use in young people aged 13-15 years: Results from the Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health. Br J Psychiatry, 182, 509-517 https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.6.509
- Breslau, N., Kilbey, M., & Andreski, P. (1993). Nicotine dependence and major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 30, 31-35
- Brook, J.S., Schuster, E., & Zhang, C. (2004). Cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal study of adolescents and young adults. Psychol Rep, 95, 159-166
- Brooks, T.L., Harris, S.K., Thrall, J.S., & Woods, E.R. (2002). Association of adolescent risk behaviors with mental health systems in high school students. J Adolesc Health, 31, 240-246
- Brown, RA., Lewinsohn, P.M., Seeley, J.R, & Wagner, E.F. (1996). Cigarette smoking, major depression, and other psychiatric disorders among adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 35(12), 1602-1610 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199612000-00011
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2002). Annual smoking- attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs-United States, 1995-1999, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 51(14), 300-303
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2004). Cigarette use among high school students: United States, 1991-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 53(23), 499-502
- Cicchetti, D., & Toth, L. (1998). The development of depression in children and adolescents. Am Psychol, 53(2), 221-241 https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.221
- Coelho, R, Martins, A., & Barros, H. (2002). Clinical profiles relating gender and depressive symptoms among adolescents ascertained by the Beck Depression Inventory II. Eur Psychiatry, 17,222-226
- Coogan, P.F., Adams, M., Geller, AC., Brooks, D., Miller, D.R., Lew, R.A., et al. (1998). Factors associated with smoking among children and adolescents in Conneticut. Am J Prev Med, 15(1), 17-24
- Costello, E.J., Erkanli, A., Federman, E., & Angold, A (1999). Development of psychiatric comorbidity with substance abuse in adolescents: effects of timing and sex. J Clin Child Psychol. 28(3):298-311 https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424jccp280302
- Covey, L.S., & Tam, D. (1990). Depressive mood, the single-parent home, and adolescent cigarette smoking. Am J Public Health, 80(11),1330-1333 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.80.11.1330
- Dierker, L.C., Avenevoli, S., Goldberg, A, & Glantz, M. (2004). Defining subgroups of adolescents at risk for experimental and regular smoking. Prev Sci, 5(3), 169-183 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PREV.0000037640.66607.6b
- Dusek, J.B. (1996). Adolescent development and behavior (3 rd Eds.). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall
- Fergusson, D.M., Lynskey, M.T., & Horwood, L.J. (1996). Comorbidity between depressive disorders and nicotine dependence in a cohort of 16-year-olds. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 53(11),1043-1047 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830110081010
- Fleming, C.B., Kim, H., Harachi, T.W., & Catalano, R.F. (2002). Family processes for children in early elementary school as predictors of smoking initiation. J Adolesc Health, 30, 184-189 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00327-5
- Gilpin, E.A., Lee, L., & Pierce, J.P. (2004). Does adolescent perception of difficulty in getting cigarettes deter experimentation? Prev Med, 38, 485-491 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.12.001
- Glassman, A.H., Stetner, F., Walsh, T., Raizman, P.S., Fleiss, J.L., Cooper, T.B., et al. (1988). Heavy smokers, smoking cessation, and clonidine. JAMA, 259(19), 2863-2866 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.259.19.2863
- Goodman, E., & Captman, J. (2000). Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens. Pediatrics, 106,748-755 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.106.4.748
- Hall, S.M., Humfleet, G.L., Reus, V.I., Munoz, RF., Hartz, D.T., & Maude-Griffin, M. (2002). Psychological intervention and antidepressant treatment in smoking cessation. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 59, 930-936 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.930
- Hall, S.M., Munoz, RF., Reus, V.I., & Sees, K.L (1993). Nicotine, negative affect, and depression. J Consult Clin Psychol, 61(5), 761-767 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.5.761
- Hawkins, W.E., Hawkins, M.J., & Seeley, J. (1992). Stress, healthrelated behavior and quality of life on depressive symptomatology in a sample of adolescents. Psychol Rep. 71(1):183-186
- Hennekens, C.H., & Buring, J.E. (1987). Epidemiology in medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- Kane, R.L. (1997). Understanding health care outcomes research. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers
- Kaplan, S.L., Landa, B., Weinhold, C., & Shenker, I.R. (1984). Adverse health behaviors and depressive symptomatology in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry, 23(5), 595-601 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60353-8
- Kelder, S.H., Murray, N.G., Oprinas, P., Prokhorov., A., McReynolds, L., & Roberts, R. (2001). Depression and substance use in minority middle-school students. Am J Public Health, 91,761-766 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.5.761
- Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., MacLean, C.J., Heath, A.C., Eaves, L.J., & Kessler, RC. (1993). Smoking and major depression: A causal analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 50, 36-43 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820130038007
- Killen, J.D., Robinson, T.N., Haydel, F., Hayward, C., Wilson, D.M., Hammer, L.D., et al. (1997). Prospective study of risk factors for the initiation of cigarette smoking. J Consult Clin Psychol, 65(6),1011-1016 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.65.6.1011
- Landrine, H., Richardson, J.L., Klonoff, E.A, & Flay, B.R (1994). Cultural diversity in the predictors of adolescent cigarette smoking: The relative influence of peers. J Behav Med, 17(3), 331-346 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01857956
- Lerman, C., Audrain-McGovern, J., Orleans, C.T., Boyd, R, Gold, K, Main, D., et al. (1996). Investigation of mechanisms linking depressed mood to nicotine dependence. Addict Behav, 24(1), 9-19
- Lloyd-Richardson, E.E., Papandonatos, G., Kazura, A., Stanton, C., & Niaura, R (2002). Differentiating stages of smoking intensity among adolescents: Stage-specific psychological and social influences. J Consult Clin Psychol, 70(4),998-1009 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.4.998
- Martini, S., Wagner, F.A., & Anthony, J.C. (2002). The association of tobacco smoking and depression in adolescence: Evidence from the United States. Subst Use Misuse, 37(14), 1853-1867 https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014087
- Mash, E.J., & Wolfe, D.A. (2002). Abnormal child psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
- McCandless, B.R, & Coop, RH. (1979). Adolescents: Behavior and development (2nd Eds.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston
- Millgan,RA.K, Burke, V., Beiling, L.J., Dunbar, RD., Spencer, M., Balde, E., et al. (1997). Health-related behaviors and psychosocial characteristics of 18 year-old Australians. Soc Sci Med, 45(10),1549-1562 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00092-0
- Parrott, A.C. (1999). Does cigarette smoking cause stress? Am Psychol, 54(10), 817-20 https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.817
- Parry-Jones, W.L. (1991). Historical aspects of mood and its disorders in young people. In I.M. Goodyer. (2nd Eds.), The depressed child and adolescent (pp.1-23). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
- Patton, G.C., Carlin, J.B., Coffey, C., & Wolfe, R. (1998). Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: A prospective study over 3 years. Am J Public Health, 88(10), 1518-1522 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.88.10.1518
- Patton, G.C., Marienne, H., Macolm, J.R, Carlin, J.B, Caust, J., & Bowes, G. (1996). Is smoking associated with depression and anxiety in teenagers? Am J Public Health, 86(2),225-230 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.86.2.225
- Pederson, L.L.., Koval, J.J., & O'connor, K (1997). Are psychosocial factors related to smoking in grade-6 students? Addict Behav, 22(2), 169-181 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(96)00014-7
- Pesa, J.A., Cowdery, J.E., Wang, M.Q., & Fu, Q. (1993). Self-reported depressive feelings and cigarette smoking among Mexican-American Adolescents. Health Educ Res, 7, 69-80
- Rodriguez, D., Moss, H.B., & Audrain-McGovern, J. (2005). Developmental heterogeneity in adolescent depressive symptoms: Associations with smoking behavior. Psychosom Med, 67,200-210 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000156929.83810.01
- Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P.M., & Seeley, J.R (1994). Are adolescents changed by an episode of major depression? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 33(9), 1289-1298 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199411000-00010
- Otsuki, T.A. (2003). Substance use, self-esteem, and depression among Asian American adolescents. J Drug Educ, 33(4),369-390 https://doi.org/10.2190/RG9R-V4NB-6NNK-37PF
- Silberg, J., Rutter, M., D'Onofrio, B., & Eaves, L. (2003). Genetic and environmental risk factors in adolescent substance use. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 44(5):664-676 https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00153
- Simantov, E., Schoen, C., & Klein, J.D. (2000). Health-compromising behaviors: Why do adolescents smoke or drink? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 154,1025-1033 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.154.10.1025
- Stefanis, C.N., & Kokkevi, A. (1986). Depression and drug use. Psychopathology, 19(2),124-131 https://doi.org/10.1159/000285143
- Tercyak, KP., & Audrain-McGovern, J. (2002). Psychosocial correlates of alternates tobacco product use during early adolescence. Prev Med, 35, 193-198 https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2002.1060
- Unger, J.B., Yan, L., Johnson, A., Gong, J., Chen, X., Li, C.Y., et al. (2001). Stressful life events among adolescents in Wuhan, China: Associations with smoking, alcohol use, and depressive symptoms. lnt J Behav Med, 8(1), 1-18 https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327558IJBM0801_01
- Vogel, J.S., Hurford, D.P., Smith, J.V., & Cole, A. (2003). The relationship between depression and smoking in adolescents. Adolescence, 38(149),57-74
- Wang, M.Q., Fitzhugh, E.C., Turner, L., Fu, Q., & Westerfield, RC. (1996). Association of depressive symptoms and school adolescents' smoking: a cross-lagged analysis. Psychol Rep, 79(1), 127-130
- Wang, M.Q., Fitzhugh, E.C., Westerfield, R.C., & Eddy, J.M. (1994). Predicting smoking status by symptoms of depression for U.S. adolescents. Psychol Rep. 75(2):911-914
- Whalen, C.K, Jamner, L.D., Henker, B., & Delfino, R.J. (2001). Smoking and moods in adolescents with depressive and aggressive dispositions: Evidence from surveys and electronic diaries. Health Psychol, 20(2), 99-111 https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.20.2.99
- Windle, M., & Windle, RC. (2001). Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among middle adolescents: Prospective associations and intra personal and interpersonal influences. J Consult Clin PsychoI, 69(2),215-226 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.69.2.215
- Wu, L.T., & Anthony, J.C. (1999). Tobacco smoking and depressed mood in late childhood and early adolescence. Am J Public Health, 89(12), 1837-1840 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.89.12.1837
- Yunis, F.A., Mattar, T., & Wilson, A.K. (2003). The association between tobacco smoking and reported psychiatric symptoms in an adolescent population in the United Arab Emirates. Soc Behav Pers, 31(5), 461-466 https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.5.461