Korean Chemical Engineering Research

The Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers (한국화학공학회)
권호 표지

On the Alternative Incineration Technologies for the Treatment of Hazardous Waste

유해폐기물 처리용 소각 대체기술 동향

  • Received : 2007.07.02
  • Accepted : 2007.07.15
  • Published : 2007.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Incineration has been regarded as the best developed technology available for organically hazardous waste. However, permitting and siting incinerators to treat hazardous waste such as a waste containing PCBs is very difficult due to the public concerns associated with toxic air emissions. Recently, a lot of alternatives to an incineration have been developed and these technologies have the potential of alleviating public concerns by decreasing emissions of hazardous materials such as dioxins and furans. This paper reviews currently available alternative incineration technologies for various hazardous waste streams. Various categories of non-thermal and thermal alternative incineration technologies have been evaluated in terms of their process operating condition, applicability of a waste stream and their emission of secondary waste. Detailed descriptions of operating principles of several technologies are also provided.

소각은 유기성 유해폐기물에 대해 가장 발달된 유용한 처리기술로 인정되어 왔다. 그러나 PCBs와 같이 유해한 폐기물의 처리를 위한 소각로의 부지확보나 인허가가 유해한 대기오염 물질의 배출에 대한 주민의 우려로 용이하지 않다. 최근에 많은 소각 대체기술들이 개발되어 왔으며 이 기술들은 소각에 비해 다이옥신이나 퓨란과 같은 유해한 물질의 배출이 적어 주민의 우려를 완화시킬 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 유해폐기물의 종류에 대해 현재 적용이 가능한 소각 대체기술들을 검토하였다. 다양한 범주의 비열처리 및 열처리 소각 대체기술들을 공정운전조건, 적용대상 폐기물 및 이차폐기물 발생특성의 관점에서 평가하고 몇 가지 소각 대체기술들에 대해서는 공정의 운전원리에 대해 자세히 설명하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Schwinkendore, W. E., Musgrave, B. C. and Drake, R. N., Evaluation of Alternative Nonflame Oxidation Technologies for Destruction of Hazardous Organics Waste, INEL/EXT-97-00123, INEL(1997)
  2. Summary of Comparative Results, Integrated Nonthermal Treatment and Integrated Thermal Treatment Systems Studies, DOE/EM-0322, US DOE(1996)
  3. McGregor, D. B., Partensky, C., Wilbourn, J. and Rice, J. M., 'An IARC Evaluation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzourans as Risk Factors in Human Carcinogenesis,' Environ. Health Perspect., 106(2), 755-760(1998) https://doi.org/10.2307/3433830
  4. Egeland, G., Sweeney, M., Fingerhut, M., Wille, K. and Schnoor, T., 'Total Serum Testosterone and Gonadotropins in Workers Exposed to Dioxin,' Am. J. Epidemiol., 139(3), 272-281(1994) https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116994
  5. Birnbaum, L., 'Developmental Effects of Dioxins,' Environ Health Perspect., 103(7), 89-94(1995) https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s989
  6. Weisglas-Kuperus, N., 'Neurodevelopmental, Immunological and Endocrinological Indices of Perinatal Human Exposure to PCBs and Dioxins,' Chemosphere, 37(9-12), 1845-1853(1998) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00250-1
  7. Howard, C. V., Particulate Aerosols, Incinerators and Health - Health Impacts of Waste Management Policies, Kluwer Academic Publishers(2000)
  8. Schwinkendorf, W. E., Alternatives to Incineration Technical Area Status Report, DOE/MWIP-26, U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Technology Development, Washington DC(1995)
  9. Adu-Wasu, K., McCabe, D. J. and Wilmarth, W. R. Using Wet Air Oxidation Technology to Destroy Tetraphenylborate, WSRCSTI-2007-00176, Savana River National Laboratory(2007)
  10. Goldblat, S. and Patrick D., Engineering Development and Demonstration of $DETOX^{SM}$ Wet Oxidation for Mixed Waste Treatment, CONF-950216-56(1995)
  11. Elsberry, K. D. and Dhooge, P. M., Treating Contaminated Organics Using the DETOX Process, LA-UR-93-1206(1993)
  12. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report, Direct Chemical Oxidation of Hazardous and Mixed Wastes, UCRL-JC-120141, March 28(1995)
  13. Cooper, J. F., Wang, F., Farmer, J., Adamson, M., King, K. and Krueger, R., 'Direct Chemical Oxidation: Peroxydisulfate Destruction of Organic Wastes,' Proceedings World Environmental Congress, International Conference and Trade Fair, Sept. 17, London Ontario(1995)
  14. Wang, F., Cooper, J. F., Farmer, J., Adamson, M. and Shell, T., 'Destruction of ion Exchange Resins by wet Oxidation and by Direct Chemical Oxidation-a Comparison Study,' Proceedings World Environmental Congress, International Conference and Trade Fair, London Ontario(1995)
  15. Cooper, J. F., Wang, F., Krueger, R., King, K., Farmer, J. C. and Adamson, M., Destruction of organic wastes by ammonium peroxydisulfate with electrolytic regeneration of the oxidant, UCRL-121979 Rev 1, LLNL Internal Report, September, LLNL(1995)
  16. Cooper, J. F., Krueger, R. and Farmer, J. C., 'Destruction of VX by Aqueous-phase Oxidation Using Peroxydisulfate: Direct Chemical Oxidation,' Proceedings Workshop on Advances in Alternative Demilitarization Technologies, 429(1995)
  17. Cooper, J. F., Wang, F., Krueger, R., King, K., Shell, T., Farmer, J. C. and Adamson, M., 'Demonstration of Omnivorous Nonthermal Mixed Waste Treatment: Direct Chemical Oxidation Using Peroxydisulfate,' UCRL-ID-123193(1996)
  18. Cooper, J. F., Wang, F., Shell, T. and King, K., 'Destruction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Using Ammonium Peroxydisulfate,' UCRLID-124585, LLNL(1996)
  19. Cooper, J. F., Wang, F., Krueger, R. and King, K., 'Destruction of Organic Wastes with Electrolytic Regeneration of the Oxidant,' UCRL-JC-121979 rev. 2(1997)
  20. Smith, J. R., Air-Nitric Acid Destructive Oxidation of Organic Wastes, SRC-MS-93-169, Westinghouse Savannah River Corporation, Aiken, SC.(1993)
  21. Kornel, A., Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, H.M. Freeman, editor, McGraw Co., New York (1989)
  22. Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles, EPA/540/R-93/526, Sixth Edition, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC(1993)
  23. Pittman, C. U. and Tabaei, S. M. H., 'Dechlorination of PCBs and Pesticides with Strong Bases,' Proceedings of I&EC Special Symposium, American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA, 27(1993)
  24. Kitchens, J. F., 'Cleanup of Spilled Chlorinated Hydrocarbons with the LARC Process,' Proceeding of the 1984 Hazardous Material Spills Conference, 110(1984)
  25. Abramowicz, D. A., 'Aerobic and Anaerobic Biodegradation of PCBs: A Review,' Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 10, 241-247(1990) https://doi.org/10.3109/07388559009038210
  26. Evans, G. M., Chemical Reduction of PCBs, EPA/542/N-93/005, EPA Tech Trends(1993)
  27. Gas Phase Chemical Reduction; Eco Logic International, Inc., EPA/540/MR-93/522, U. S. EPA Demonstration Bulletin(1993)
  28. Troxler, W. L., Goh, S. K. and Dicks, L. W. R., 'Treatment of Pesticide-Contaminated Soils with Thermal Desorption Technologies,' J. Air and Waste Management Association, 43(12), 1610-1619 (1993)
  29. Harwood, E., 'Comparing Thermal Counter Flow and Parallel Flow Soil Remediation Process,' Proceeding of the 1992 Incineration Conference, Albuquerque, NM(1992)
  30. Roy, K. A., 'Thermal Separation Process Removes Organics From Soils and Sludges,' Proceedings of Hazmat World, 57(1992)
  31. Palmer, C. R. and McElwee, M., 'Successful Demonstration of the VAC*TRAX Thermal Desorption Process on Hazardous and Mixed Waste,' Spectrum '94, 16(1994)
  32. Low Temperature Thermal Treatment ($LT^3$) Technology, Roy F. Weston, Inc., EPA/540/AR-89/019, Application Analysis Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, December(1992)
  33. Hsu, P. C., Foster, K. G., Ford, T. D., Wallman, P. H., Watkins, B. E., Pruneda, C. O. and Adamson, M. G., 'Treatment of Solid Wastes with Molten Salt Oxidation,' Waste Management. 20, 363(2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(99)00338-4
  34. Lacchia, M. P., Shaw, B. D. and Megas, E., 'High Speed Imaging of TATB- and HMX-Based Energetic Material Decomposition in Molten Salts,' Expl. Prop. Pyrotech. 25, 19-25(2000) https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4087(200001)25:1<19::AID-PREP19>3.0.CO;2-S
  35. Pandeti, S. and Buckley, S. G., 'Molten Salt Oxidation of Chlorobenzene,' Combust. Sci. Technol. 176(2), 257-276(2004) https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200490256171
  36. U.S. EPA, Technical Resource Document Demonstrating Testing for Mixed Waste Thermal Treatment Technologies, Energy and Environmental Research Cooperation, Irvine, 8(2004)
  37. Yang, H. C., Cho, Y. J., Eun, H. C. and Kim, E. H., 'Destruction of Chlorinated Organic Solvents in a Two-Stage Molten Salt Oxidation Reactor System,' Chemical Engineering Science in press, doi:10. 1016/J.ces. 2007.01.055(2007)
  38. Lightfoot, B. W., Robilliard, K. R. and Matusewicz, R. W., 'Ausmelt Submerged Lancing Technology for Smelting and Detoxification of Hazardous and Radioactive Waste,' Proceedings of 1992 Incineration Conference, Albuquerque, 771(1992)
  39. Voelker, G. E., Steedman, W. G. and Chandran, R. R., 'Steam Reforming of Low Level Waste,' DOE/MC/32091-97/C0789 (1997)
  40. Gloyra, E. F. and Li, L., 'Supercritical Wate Oxidation: An Engineering Update,' Waste Management, 13(5-7), 379-394(1993) https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(93)90071-4
  41. Geimer, R., Batdorf, J. and Wolfe, P., 'Test Results From the Demonstration of the Plasma Hearth Process,' Proceedings of the 1993 Incineration Conference, Knoxville, TN, 301(1993)
  42. Kinner, L. L., Manahan, S. E. and Larsen, D. W., 'Gasification of Waste-Contaminated Soil by the ChemChar Process,' J. Environmental Science and Health, A28(3), 697(1993)
  43. Rosocha, L. A., 'Two-stage Thermal/Nonthermal Waste Treatment Process,' Proceedings of the 1993 Incineration Conference, Knoxville, TN, 461-469(1993)
  44. Dalton, J. D. and Steverson, E. M., 'Vitrification Treatability Study and Process Demonstration Capability Assessment,' DOE/MWIP-12(1994)
  45. EPA Applications Analysis Report, Retech, Inc. Plasma Centrifugal Furnace, EPA/540/A5-91/007, U.S. EPA, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH(1992)