DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Reversible Watermarking in JPEG Compression Domain

JPEG 압축 영역에서의 리버서블 워터마킹

  • Cui, Xue-Nan (Computer Vision Laboratory, INHA University) ;
  • Choi, Jong-Uk (Copyright Protection Research Institute, SangMyung University) ;
  • Kim, Hak-Il (Computer Vision Laboratory, INHA University) ;
  • Kim, Jong-Weon (Copyright Protection Research Institute, SangMyung University)
  • 최학남 (인하대학교 컴퓨터비젼 연구실) ;
  • 최종욱 (상명대학교 디지털저작권보호연구센터) ;
  • 김학일 (인하대학교 컴퓨터비젼 연구실) ;
  • 김종원 (상명대학교 디지털저작권보호연구센터)
  • Published : 2007.12.31

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a reversible watermarking scheme in the JPEG compression domain. The reversible watermarking is useful to authenticate the content without the quality loss because it preserves the original content when embed the watermark information. In the internet, for the purpose to save the storage space and improve the efficiency of communication, digital image is usually compressed by JPEG or GIF. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a reversible watermarking in the JPEG compression domain. When the watermark is embedded, the lossless compression was used and the original image is recovered during the watermark extracting process. The test results show that PSNRs are distributed from 38dB to 42dB and the payload is from 2.5Kbits to 3.4Kbits where the QF is 75. Where the QF of the Lena image is varied from 10 to 99, the PSNR is directly proportional to the QF and the payload is around $1.6{\sim}2.8Kbits$.

본 논문에서는 JPEG 압축 영역에서의 리버서블 워터마킹 기법을 제안한다. 리버서블 워터마킹은 원본을 손상시키는 기존의 워터마킹과 달리 원본을 보존하는 방법이기 때문에 인증용으로 효율적이다. 인터넷상의 대부분 영상들은 저장 공간을 줄이고 통신효율을 높이기 위해서 JPEG과 같은 압축영상을 많이 사용하므로 JPEG 영상에 리버서블 워터마킹을 연구할 필요성이 있다. 본 논문에서는 무손실 압축을 이용하여 워터마크를 삽입하고 워터마크를 추출할 때 원 영상을 복원한다. $256{\times}256$ 표준영상들에 대해 실험한 결과 QF(Quality Factor)가 75일 매 JPEG 영상과 워터마크가 삽입된 JPEG 영상의 PSNR(peak signal to noise rate)은 $38{\sim}42dB$이였고 워터마크 삽입 량은 $2500{\sim}3400bit$이였으며, Lena 영상에서 QF를 $10{\sim}99$까지 조절하여 실험을 진행한 결과 PSNR은 QF에 정비례함을 알 수 있었고, 워터마크 삽입량은 $1600{\sim}2800bit$였다.

Keywords

References

  1. J. Fridrich, M. Goljan, 'Lossless data embedding for all image formats', SPIE Proceedings of photonics West, Electronic Imaging, security and Watermarking of multimedia Contents, vol. 4675, pp. 572-583, San Jose, Jan.2002
  2. J. Fridrich, M. Goljan, R. Du, 'Lossless data embedding with file size preservation', SPIE Proceedings of EI, San Jose, Jan. 2004
  3. X.Wu, 'Lossless compression of continuous- sone image via context selection, quantization, and modeling', IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol.6, no.5, pp. 656-664, May.1997 https://doi.org/10.1109/83.568923
  4. Jun Tian, 'Reversible Watermarking by Difference Expansion', Multimedia and Security Workshop at ACM Multimedia '02 Juan-les-pins, France, December 6,2002
  5. A. M. Alattar, 'Reversible Watermark Using the Difference Expansion of A Generalized Integer Transform', IEEE Transactions On Image Processing 2004, Vol 13; Numb 8 pp. 1147-1156, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2004.828418
  6. A. M. Alattar, 'Reversible watermarking using the difference expansion of a generalized integer transform', IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol.13, no.8, pp. 1147-1156, Aug. 2004 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2004.828418
  7. A. M. Alattar, 'Reversible watermarking using difference expansion of quads', proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol.3, pp. 377-80, Montreal, Canada, May 2004
  8. A. M. Alattar, 'Reversible watermarking using difference expansion of triplets', proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, vol.1, pp. 501-504, catalonia Spain, Sept. 2003
  9. Jun Tian, 'Wavelet-based reversible watermarking for authentication', Proceedings of SPIE Sec. and Watermarking of Multimedia Cont. IV, vol. 4675, Jan. 2002
  10. 이혜란, 이경현, '이미지 인증을 위한 DWT 계수 기반 다중 워터마킹', 정보보호학회논문지, 1598-3986, 제15권 2호, pp. 113-122, 2005
  11. Zhicheng Ni, YunQing Shi, Nirwan Ansari, Wei Su, 'Reversible data hiding', ISCAS Proceedings of the 2003 international Symposium on Circuits and Systems, vol.2, pp. 912-915, Tailand, May. 2003
  12. Zhicheng Ni, YunQing Shi, Nirwan Ansari, Wei Su, 'Reversible Data Hiding', IEEE Transaction On Circuits and System for Video Technology Vol.16, No.3, March 2006
  13. Xiaoping Liang, Xiaoyun Wu, Jiwu Huang, 'Reversible Data Hiding for Image Based on Histogram Modification of Wavelet Coefficients', CIS 2005, Part 2, LNAI 3802, pp. 573-580, 2005
  14. JinHa Hwang, JongWeon Kim, JongUk Choi, 'A Reversible Watermarking Based On Histogram Shifting', IWDW 2006 LNCS 4283. pp. 348-361, 2006
  15. Sabu Emmanuel, Heng Chee Kiang, Amitabha Das, 'A Reversible watermarking Scheme for JPEG-2000 Compressed Images', ICME 2005, pp. 69-72, 6-8 July 2005