모유 경험이 미취학 아동의 신체발달, 손목 골밀도 및 영양섭취에 미치는 영향

The Effect of Breast Feeding on Growth Development, Bone Mineral Density of Carpus, and Nutrient Intakes in Preschool Children

  • 최미경 (청운대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 이승연 (미시건주립대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Choi Mi-Kyeong (Department of Human Nutrition & Food Science, Chungwoon University) ;
  • Lee Seung-Yeon (Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Michigan State University)
  • 발행 : 2005.02.01

초록

The purpose of this study was to examine the long term effects of breast feeding on growth, bone development and nutrient intakes in preschool children. Subjects were 62 preschool children. Anthropometric characteristics and bone mineral density of carpus were measured using DEXA. The questionnaire was composed of health status, life style, dietary behaviors, and dietary intakes and was completed by the children's mothers. The average age of the boys was 62.4 months and that of the girls was 62.1 months. Average birth height and weight of the subjects was 50.9 cm and 3.4 kg for boys and 50.3 cm and 3.3 kg for girls, respectively. The average height, weight, $\%$ body fat, and obesity index were 111.7 cm, 19.6 kg, $15.0\%$, $-2.1\%$ in boys and 109.4 em, 18.7 kg, $17.5\%$, $0.2\%$ in girls, respectively. Forty children were fed colostrum, 21 were fed breast milk, 29 were fed formula, and 12 were fed mixed milk. There was no significant difference in growth status between children who were fed colostrum and those who were not. Children who had mixed feedings were significantly taller than those who did not (p <0.001), and children who had colostrum had significantly higher bone mineral density than those who did not ($0.25 \pm 0.04 g/ cm^2$ vs. $0.23 \pm 0.04 g/cm^2$, p < 0.05). However, the different feeding methods did not show any difference in bone mineral density. Except vitamin $B_6$, folic acid and vitamin E, vitamin, mineral and calorie intakes did not meet the Korean RDAs. Calcium intake was especially lower than recommendations by as much as $62\%$ and $70\%$ in boys and girls, respectively. There was no significant difference in nutrient intakes between children who had colostrum and those who did not. However, children who were formula consumed significantly more animal fat than those who did not (p < 0.05). Neonatal feeding and breast or formula feeding seems to associate with height, bone mineral density and animal fat intakes in preschool children, based on the results of this study. A longitudinal study is needed to clarify this relationship.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. 한국보건사회연구원(2000)): 출산력 및 가족보건 실태조사
  2. Butte NF, Smith EO, Garza C (1990): Energy utilization of breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr 51: 350-358 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/51.3.350
  3. Chang HS (1994): The effect of several factors in infant nutrition on disease affection. J Kor Soc Food Nutr 23(5): 757-766
  4. Chung HK (1991): Evaluation of nutrition status on the basis of orphan home children's anthropometry. Kor J Dietary Culture 6: 413-419
  5. Cunningham AS (1977): Morbidity in breast-fed and artificially fed infants. Pediatrics 90 (5): 726-729 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(77)81236-5
  6. Dewey KG, Heing MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lanerdal B (1992): Growth of breast-fed and formular-fed infants from 0 to 18 months: The Darling study. Pediatrics 89: 1035-1041
  7. Grummer-Strawn LM, Mei Z (2004): Does breastfeeding protect against pediatric overweight? Analysis longitudinal data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System. Pediatrics 113 (2): 81-86 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.2.e81
  8. Hurtado EK, Claussen AH, Scott KG (1999): Early childhood anemia and mild or moderate mental retardation. Am J Clin Nutr 69: 115-119 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.1.115
  9. Jones IE, Williams SM, Goulding A (2004): Associations of birth weight and length, childhood size, smoking with bone fractures during growth: evidence from a birth cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 159 (4): 343-350 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh052
  10. Joung HJ, Lee NH, Choi YS, Cho SH (2000): Baseline dietary behaviors of children for nutritional management programs at child care centers in Korea. Kor J Nutr 33: 890-900
  11. Korean Society of Pediatrics (1999): Body growth standard values of Korean pediatrics in 1988
  12. Lee JS, Kim ES (1991): A longitudinal study on human milk volume and lactation pattern. Kor J Nutr 24: 48-57
  13. Lim SJ, Ahn HS, Kim WJ (1995): Analysis of factors associated with the preschool children's nutrition awareness: III. Dietary intakes and nutrition awareness of children. Kor J Dietary Culture 10(4): 345-355
  14. Lim HS, Lee JA (1993): Growth of Korean brest-fed and formula-fed infants. Kor J Nutr 26: 783-792
  15. May R, Barber J, Simpson T, Winders N, Kuhler K, Schroeder S (2002): Growth pattern of overweight preschool children in the Siouxland WIC program. Am J Hum Biol 14: 769-776 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.10094
  16. Ministry of Health and Welfare (2002): 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey-Overview, Health examination, Nutrition Survey I, II
  17. Morrison LS, Tobias JH (2004): Effect of case-finding strategy for osteoporosis on bisphosphonate prescribing in primary care. Osteoporos Int Jun 2
  18. Neumann CG, Alpaugh M (1976): Birth weight doubling time: A fresh look. Pediatrics 57: 469-473
  19. Ooms ME, Lips P, Van Lingen A, Valkenburg HA (1993): Determinants of bone mineral density and risk factors for osteoporosis in health elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 8: 669-675 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650080604
  20. Park SM, Choi HS, Oh EJ (1997): A survey on anthropometric and nutritional status of children in three different kinds of kindergarten in Cheonan. J Kor Dietetic Assoc 3 (2): 112-122
  21. Park SY, Paik HY, Moon HK (1999): A study on the food habit and dietary intake of preschool children. Kor J Nutr 32: 419-429
  22. Picciano MF, Calkins EJ, Garrick JR, Deering RH (1981): Milk and mineral intakes of breast fed infants. Acta Pediatr Scand 70: 189-194 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1981.tb05540.x
  23. Prentice A (1995): Calcium requirements of children. Nutr Rev 53: 37-45 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1995.tb01497.x
  24. Purvis GA (1991): Current status and future trends in infant feeding. Kor J Nutr 24: 276-281
  25. Rattigans S, Ghisalberti AV, Hartmann PE (1981): Breast-milk production in Australian women. Br J Nutr 45: 243-249 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19810100
  26. Sung CJ, Sung MK, Choi MK, Kang YL, Kwon SJ, Kim MH, Seo YL, Adachi M, Mo SM (2001): An ecological study of food and nutrition in elementary school children in Korea. Kor J Community Nutr 6: 150-161
  27. Waterlow JC (1972): Classification and definition of protein calorie malnutrition. BMJ 3: 566-568 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.3.5826.566
  28. Whitehead RG, Paul AA (1981): Infant growth and human milk requirements-A fresh approach. Lancet 1: 243-249 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)95423-1
  29. WHO/UNICEF (1993): Baby friendly hospital initiative. Geneva: WHO/UNICEF
  30. Wright DE, Radcliff JD (1992): Parents' perception of influence on food behavior development of children attending day care facilities. J Nutr Edu 24: 198-201 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(12)81156-3
  31. Yim KS, Yoon EY, Kim CI, Kim KT, Kim CI, Mo SM, Choi H (1993): Eating behavior, obesity and serum lipid levels in children. Kor J Nutr 21 (6): 56-66