DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effects of Object Size and Travel Distance on Human Speed Perception

물체의 크기와 이동거리에 따른 속도감 변화

  • Published : 2005.05.31

Abstract

Human perceptional speed is different from its real speed. There is lack of research that the perceptional speed is different from real speed in 2-dimension, because most research of speed perception has concentrated on points and lines. This research investigates the effects of object size on speed perception. In this research, we used 2-D circular objects of the different size, 0.9, 1.8 and $3.6^{\circ}$. The objects moved 9.0, 13.5 and $18.0^{\circ}$ with three different speeds, 6.0, 9.0 and $18.0^{\circ}$/s. Six participants were exposed to the environment with standard scene(size: $1.8^{\circ}$, speed: $9.0^{\circ}$/s and travel distance: $13.5^{\circ}$). After the first scene, another scene in which the object had changed to different sizes, speeds and distances, was shown to the participants. A magnitude estimation method was used to construct a scale of the perceived speed level. The relationship between the perceived and the actual speed level was explained by Stevens's power law that the value was 0.978 with the exponent of 0.992. The size of object had an effect on the speed perception but travel distance was not. The perceptional speed of bigger object was lower than of smaller object. It showed that the degrees of perceptional speed decreased as size of object increased.

Keywords

References

  1. Adelson, E. H. and Bergen, J. R., Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 284-299, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.2.000284
  2. Adelson, E. H. and Bergen, J. R., The extraction of spatiotemporal energy in human and machine vision (pp. 135-139). Charleston, S.C.: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Computer Society 1986
  3. Campbell, F. W. and Maffei, L., The influence of spatial frequency and contrast on the perception of moving patterns. Vision Research, 21, 713-721, 1981 https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(81)90080-8
  4. Chey, J., Grossberg, S. and Mingolla, E., Neural dynamics of motion processing and speed discrimination. Vision Research, 38, 2769-2786, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00372-6
  5. Hawken, M. J., Gegenfurtner, K. R. and Tang, C., Contrast dependence of colour and luminance motion. Nature, 367, 268-270, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1038/367268a0
  6. Ledgeway, T. and Smith, A. T., The perceived speed of second order motion patterns, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Suppl.), 35, 1405, 1994
  7. Ledgeway, T. and Smith, A. T., The perceived speed of second order motion and its dependence on stimulus contrast. Vision Research, 35, 1421-1434, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(95)98722-L
  8. Lodge, M., Magnitude scaling: Quantitative measurement of opinions. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1981
  9. Mckee, S. P., Silverman, G. and Nakayama, K., Precise velocity discrimination despite random variations in temporal frequency and contrast. Vision Research, 26, 609-619, 1986 https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(86)90009-X
  10. Muller, R. and Greenlee, M. W., Effect of contrast and adaptation on the perception of the direction and speed of drifting gratings. Vision research, 23, 2071-2092, 1994
  11. Stevens, S. S., On the psychophysical law. Psychological Review, 64, 153-181, 1957 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046162
  12. Stevens, S. S. and Guirao, M., Subjective scaling of length and area and the matching of length the hardness and brightness. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 60-67, 1963 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040746
  13. Stone, L. S. and Thompson, P., Human speed perception is contrast dependent. Vision Research, 32, 1535-1549, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(92)90209-2
  14. Thompson, P., Velocity aftereffects and the perception of movement. Doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge 1976
  15. Thompson, P., Perceived rate of movement depends on contrast. Vision Research, 22, 377-380, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(82)90153-5
  16. Watson, A. B. and Ahumada, A. J. Jr, A look at motion in the frequency domain. In Motion: perception and representation, New York: Association for Computing Machinery (also published as NASA Technical Memorandum 84352) 1983
  17. Watson, A. B. and Ahumada, A. J. Jr, Model of human visual motion sensing. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 322-342, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.2.000322