Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science (한국수산과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Occurrence and Concentrations of Estrogenic Phenolic Compounds in Surface Waters of Rivers Flowing into Masan Bay, Korea

  • Choi Minkyu (Marine Environment Management Team, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Lee Su-Jeong (Marine Environment Management Team, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Koo Jun Ho (Marine Environment Management Team, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Moon Hyo-Bang (Marine Environment Management Team, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Kim Gui-Young (Marine Environment Management Team, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute)
  • Published : 2005.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The estrogenic phenolic compounds, nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol(OP), bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylate ($NP_{1-2}EO$) were analyzed in 24 surface water samples from six rivers flowing into Masan Bay. All of the phenolic compounds were detected in all six rivers in high concentrations. The most abundant compound was $NP_{1-2}EO$ (86.0%), followed by NP ($10.1 \%$), BPA ($3.6\%$) and OP ($0.3\%$). The levels of phenolic compounds were 1.42-22.70 ${\mu}g$/L for $NP_{1-2}EO$, 0.15-1.68 ${\mu}g$/L for NP, 0.024-0.610 ${\mu}g$/L for BPA and 0.003-0.067 ${\mu}g$/L for OP. Especially, high concentrations were recorded in the rivers that pass through industrial complexes. The concentrations of phenolic compounds observed in these river waters were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the reported acute toxicity levels (hundreds of micrograms per liter). However, they were only slightly lower than the chronic toxicity levels. Most of the water samples also exceeded the Canadian nonylphenolic compounds water quality guideline, 1 ${\mu}g$/L, for the protection of aquatic life and the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC), 0.33 ${\mu}g$/L for NP and 0.12 ${\mu}g$/L for $NP_{1-2}EO$.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahel, M., W. Giger and M. Koch. 1994. Behaviour of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environment I. Occurrence and transformation in sewage treatment. Water Res., 28, 1131-1142 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90200-3
  2. Ahel, M., C. Schaffner and W. Giger. 1996. Behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environment-III. Occurrence and elimination of their persistent metabolites during infiltration of river water to groundwater. Water Res., 30, 37-46 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00123-3
  3. Ahel, M.E. Molnar, S. Ibric and W. Giger. 2000. Estrogenic metabolites of alkylphenol ethoxylates in seconddary sewage effluents and rivers. Water Sci. Technol., 42, 15-22
  4. Bennie, D.T, C.A. Sullivan, H.B. Lee, T.E. Peart and R.J. Maguire. 1997. Occurrence of alkylphenols and alkylphenol mono- and diethoxylates in natural waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes basin and the upper St. Lawrence River. Sci. Tot. Environ., 193, 263-275 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(96)05386-7
  5. Berryman, D., F. Houde, C. De Blois and M. O'shea. 2004. Nonylphenolc compounds in drinking and surface waters downstream of treated textile and pulp and paper effluents: a survey and preliminary assessment of their potential effects on public health and aquatic life. Chemosphere, 56, 247-255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.02.030
  6. Bester, L., N. Theobald and H.F. Schroder. 2001. Nonylphenols, nonylphenol-ethoxylates, linear alkylbenzene sulfaonates (LAS) and bis(4-chlorophenyl)-sulfone in the Germany Bight of the North Sea. Chemosphere, 45, 817-826 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00023-6
  7. Billinghurst, Z., A.S. Clare, T. Fileman, J. Mcevoy, J. Readman and M.H. Depledge. 1998. Inhibition of Barnacle settlement by the environmental oesterogen 4-nonylphenol and the natural oestrogen 17$\beta$-oestradiol. Mar. Poll. Bull., 36, 833-839 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00074-5
  8. Billinghurst, Z., AS. Clare, K. Matsumura and M.H. Depledge. 2000. Induction of cypris major protein in barnacle larvae by exposure to 4-n-nonylphenol and 17$\beta$-oestradiol. Aquat. Toxicol., 47, 203-212 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00018-1
  9. Blackburn, M.A., S.J. Kirby and M.J. Waldock. 1999. Concentrations of alkylphenol polyethoxylates entering U.K. Estuaries. Mar. Poll. Bull., 38, 109-118 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00104-0
  10. Bolz, D., H. Hagenmaier and W. Komer. 2001. Phenolic xenoestrogens in surface water, sediments, and sewage sludge from Baden-Wurttemberg, south-west Germany. Environ. Poll. 115, 291-301 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00100-2
  11. Choi, M., H.B. Moon, S.S. Kim and J.S. Park. 2005. Evaluation of sewage pollution by fecal sterol, coprostanol in the sediments from Jinhae Bay, Korea. J. Kor. Fish. Soc., 38, 118-128
  12. Comber, M.H.I., T.D. Williams and K.M. Stewart. 1993. The effects of nonylphenol on Daphnia magna. Water Res., 27, 273-276 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(93)90086-W
  13. Ding, W.H., S.H. Tzing and J.H. Lo. 1999. Occurrence and concentrations of aromatic surfactants and their degradation products in River waters of Taiwan. Chemosphere, 38, 2597-2606 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00467-6
  14. Environment Canada. 2002. Canadian environmental quality guidelines for nonylphenol and its ethoxylateds (Water, sediment, and soil) the protection of aquatic life: nonylphenol and its ethoxylates. National guidedlines and standards office, Environmental quality branch, Environment Canada, Report 1-3, Ottawa, Canada
  15. Ferguson, P.L., C.R. Iden and RJ. Brownawell. 2001. Distribution and fate of neutral alkylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in a sewage-impacted urban estuary, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 2428-2435 https://doi.org/10.1021/es001871b
  16. Furaichi, T., K. Kannan, J.P. Giesy and S. Masunaga. 2004. Contribution of known endocrine disrupting substances to the estrogenic activity in Tama River water samples from Japan using instrumental analysis and in vitro reporter gene assay. Water Res., 38, 4491-4501 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.08.007
  17. Isobe T., H. Nishiyama, A. Nakashima and H. Takada. 2001. Distribution and behavior of nonylphenol, octylphenol and nonylphenol monoethoxylate in Tokyo Metropolitan Area: Their association with aquatic particles and sedimentary distribution. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35,1041-1049 https://doi.org/10.1021/es001250i
  18. Jeannot, R., H. Sabik, E. Sauvard, T. Dagnac and K. Dohrendorf. 2002. Determination of endocrine-distrupting compounds in environmental samples using gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A., 974, 143-159 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01240-2
  19. Jobling, S.J. and J.P. Sumpter. 1993. Detergent components in sewage effluent are weakly oestrogenic to fish: an in vitro study suing rainbow trout hepatocytes. Aquat. Toxicol., 27, 361-371 https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(93)90064-8
  20. Jobling, S.J., D. Sheahan, J.A. Osborne, P. Matthiessen and J.P. Sumpter. 1996. Inhibition of testicular growth in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to estrogenic alkylphenolic chemicals. Environ Toxicol. Chem., 293-300
  21. Jonkers, N., R.W.P.M. Laane, C. De Graaf and P. De Voogt 2005a. Fate modeling of nonylphenol ethoxylates and their metabolites in the Dutch Scheidt and Rhine estuaries: Validation with new field data. Estur. Coast. She. Sci., 62,141-160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2004.08.014
  22. Jonkers, N., R.W.P.M. Laane and P. De Voogt. 2005b. Sources and fate of nonylphenol ethoxylates and their metabolites in the Dutch coastal zone of the North Sea Mar. Chem., 96, 115-135 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2004.12.004
  23. Khim, J.S., K. Kannan, D.L. Villenuve, C.H. Koh and J.P. Giesy. 1999. Characterization and distribution of trace organic contaminants in sediment from Masan Bay, Korea. 1. Instrumental analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 4199-4205 https://doi.org/10.1021/es9904484
  24. Kim, S.C., C.K. Park, H.S. Cho and D.I. Lee. 2003. Estimation of the nonylphenol and bisphenol A in the Sediment of Nakdong River. J. Kor. Soc. Water Qual., 19, 357-366
  25. KMI (Korea Maritime Institute). 2002. Development of integrated environmental management system for the coastal area of Korea, MOMAF (Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries), 274-277
  26. Kuch, H.M. and K. Ballchmiter. 2001. Determination of endocrine-distrupting phenolic compounds and estrogens in surface and drinking water by HRGC-NCIMS in the pictogram per liter range. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3201-3206 https://doi.org/10.1021/es010034m
  27. Lee, H.B. and T.E. Peart. 1995. Determination of 4-nonylphenol in effluent and sludge from sewage treatment plants. Anal. Chem., 67, 1976-1980 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00109a011
  28. Li, D., M. Kim, W.J. Shim, U.H. Yim, J.R. Oh and Y.J. Kwon. 2004a Seasonal flux of nonylphenol in Han River, Korea. Chemosphere, 56, 1-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.034
  29. Li, D., M. Kim, J.R. Oh and J. Park. 2004b. Distribution characteristics of nonylphenols in the artificial Lake Shihwa, and surrounding creeks in Korea. Chemosphere, 56, 783-790 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.008
  30. Li, Z., D. Li, J.R. Oh and J.G. Je. 2004. Seasonal and spatial distribution of nonylphenol in Shihwa Lake, Korea. Chemosphere, 56, 611-618 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.04.022
  31. MOE (Ministry of Environment). 2004. Annual Report of state of Korean Environment 2003, Daeyang Press, pp. 657
  32. Naylor, C.G., J.P. Mieure, W.J. Adams, J.A., Weeks, F.J. Castaldi, L.D. Ogle and R.R. Romano. 1992. Alkylphenol ethoxylates in the environment. J. Ame. Oil. Chem. Soc., 69, 695-703 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02635812
  33. Naylor, C.G. 1995. Environmental fate and safety of nonylphenol ethoxylates. Textile Chem. Colorist, 27, 29-33
  34. Nice, H.E., M.C. Thorndyke, D. Morritt, S. Steele and M. Crane. 2000. Development of Crassostrea gigas larvae is affected by 4-nonylphenol. Mar. Poll. Bull., 40, 491-496 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00230-1
  35. Petrovic, M., D. Barcelo, A. Diaz and F. Ventura. 2003. Low nanogram per liter determination of halogenated nonylphenols, nonylphenol carboxylates, and their non-halogenated precursors in water and sludge by liquid chromatography electro spray tandem mass spectrometry. J. Ame. Soc. Mass Spectrometry, 14, 516-527 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-0305(03)00139-9
  36. Shao, B., J. Hu, M. Yang, W. An and S. Tao. 2005, Nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in River Water, drinking water, and fish tissues in the area of Chongqing, China. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 48, 467-473 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-003-0266-3
  37. Soto, A.M., H. Justicia, J.W. Wray and C. Sonnenschein. 1991. p-Nonylphenol: an estrogenic xenobiotic release from 'modified' polystyrene. Environ. Health Perspect., 92, 167-173 https://doi.org/10.2307/3431154
  38. Stachel, B., U. Ehrhorn, O. Heemken, P. Lepom, H. Reincke, G, Sawal and N. Theobald, 2003, Xenoestrogens in the River Elbe and its tributaries, Environ. Poll., 124, 497-507 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00483-9
  39. Staples, C.A., P.B. Dorn, G.M. Klecka, S.T. O'Block and L.R. Harris, 1998. A review of the environmental fate, effects, and exposures of bisphenol A. Chemosphere, 36, 2149-2173 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10133-3
  40. Tsuda, T., A. Takino, M. Kojima, H. Harda, K. Muraki and M. Tsuju. 2000. 4-Nonylphenols and 4-tert-octylphenol in water and fish from rivers flowing into Lake Biwa, Chemosphere, 41, 757-762 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00465-8
  41. Tyler, C.R., S. Jobling and J.P. sumpter, 1998. Endocrine disruption in wildlife: A critical review of the evidence. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 28, 319-361 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408449891344236
  42. Vethaak, A.D., J. Lahr, S.M. Schrap, A.C. Belfroid, G.B.J, Rijs, A. Gerritsen, J. De Boer, A.S. Bulder, G.C.M, Grinwis, R.B. Kuiper, J. Legler, T.A,J. Murk, W. Peijnenburg, J.J.M, Verhaar and P. De Voogt. 2005. An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and biological effects in the aquatic environment of the Netherlands. Chemosphere, 59, 511-524 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.053
  43. Vitali, M., F. Ensabella, D. Stella and M. Guidotti. 2004. Nonylphenols in freshwaters of the hydrologic system of an Italian district: association with human activities and evaluation of human exposure, Chemosphere, 57, 1637-1647 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.029
  44. Waters, 2002. Oasis extraction products: Environmental and agrochemical applications notebook, Waters Corp. Rev.3 01/02
  45. Ying, G., B. Williams and R. Kookana. 2002. Environmental fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates-a review. Environ, Internat., 28, 215-226 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00017-X

Cited by

  1. Sources and Distributions of Organic Wastewater Compounds on the Mokpo Coast of Korea vol.10, pp.4, 2005, https://doi.org/10.5657/fas.2007.10.4.205
  2. Nationwide monitoring of nonylphenolic compounds and coprostanol in sediments from Korean coastal waters vol.58, pp.7, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.010