Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of temperatures on the egg and nymphal development, adult longevity and oviposition of bean bug, Riptortus clavatus Thunberg, using Saealkong seed as food sources in fibrous nylon-tube at four different temperatures (20, 24, 28 and $32^{\circ}C$). Hatchability showed the highest value of 100% at $28^{\circ}C$ and decreased with increasing temperature. Egg duration ranged from 7 days at $32^{\circ}$ to 16.7 days at $20^{\circ}C$. Instar duration was longer with increasing instar stage. Nymphal duration was 38 days at $20^{\circ}C$, 30 days at $24^{\circ}C$, 23 days at $28^{\circ}C$, and 18 days at $32^{\circ}C$ Emergence rates to adult were 16, 41, 72 and 68% at 20, 24, 28 and $32^{\circ}C$, respectively. Female adult longelity ranged from a minimum 20 days at $20^{\circ}C$ to a maximum 63 days at $28^{\circ}C$, while the longevity of male ranged from 19 days at $20^{\circ}C$ to 60 days at $28^{\circ}C$. Preoviposition duration was shorter with increasing temperature and ranged from 11 days at $20^{\circ}C$ to 5 days at $32^{\circ}C$. Total number of eggs laid per female ranged from a minimum 21 eggs at $20^{\circ}C$ to a maximum 67 eggs at $28^{\circ}C$. Consequently, the estimated lower threshold tempeatures of each developmental stage were $10.3^{\circ}C$ for egg, and 9.3, 12.7, 10.0, 11.0 and 8.7 for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar, respectively.
망사시험관을 이용하여 20, 24, 28 및 $32^{\circ}C$에서 톱다리개미허리노린재의 난 및 약충발육과 성충수명 및 산란수를 조사하였다. 부화율은 $28^{\circ}C$에서 100%였으며, 이 온도에서 멀어질수록 부화율은 낮아졌다. 난기간은 $32^{\circ}C$에서 7일 이었으며, 온도가 낮아질수록 날기간이 길어져 $20^{\circ}C$에서 16.7일이었다. 영기별 발육기간은 1령에서 $1.7{\sim}3.5$일로 가장 짧았으며, 영기가 증가할수록 발육기간이 점점 길어져 5령에서 $5.0{\sim}10.1$일로 가장 길었다. 약충기간은 20, 24, 28 및 $32^{\circ}C$에서 각각 38, 30, 23 및 18일 이었다. 우화율은 20, 24, 28 및 32에서 16, 41, 72 및 68% 이었다. 암컷 및 수컷성충의 수명은 $28^{\circ}C$에서 각각 63 및 60일로 가장 길었고, $20^{\circ}C$에서 각각 20 및 19일로 가장 짧았다. 산란전기간은 $20^{\circ}C$에서 11일로 가장 길었으며, 온도가 높아질수록 현저하게 짧아져 $32^{\circ}C$에서 5일로 가장 짧았다. 산란수는 $28^{\circ}C$에서 67개로 가장 많았고, $20^{\circ}C$에서 21개로 가장 적었다. 발육임계온도는 알의 경우 $10.3^{\circ}C$였고, 1, 2, 3, 4 및 5령충은 각각 9.3, 12.7, 10.0, 11.0 및 $8.7^{\circ}C$였다.
