대한지리학회지 (Journal of the Korean Geographical Society)

대한지리학회 (The Korean Geographical Society)
권호 표지

노숙자의 사회지리학적 연구 - 미국 메릴랜드주를 사례로

Social Geography of Homelessness in Maryland, USA

  • 배미애 (부산대학교 부산지리연구소)
  • Bae Mi-Ae (Institute of Busan Geography, Pusan National University)
  • 발행 : 2005.06.01
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

1990년 이후 미국의 높은 경제성장에도 불구하고 매년 급격히 늘어나는 노숙자는 미국이 해결하여야 할 중요한 사회문제 중하나가 되었다. 노숙자의 공간적 분포 및 발생요인과 노숙자를 위한 복지정책과 복지서비스의 제공은 노숙자 연구의 주요 주제이며, 노숙자의 사회공간적 접근은 이들 주제들의 공간적인 불평등에 초점을 둔다. 미국 메릴랜드주의 노숙자를 사회지리학적으로 접근한 본 연구를 통하여 노숙자의 사회인구학적 특성이 유소년 및 청소년, 여성, 가족단위 위주로 변하고 있으며, 인종적으로도 매우 다양해짐을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 노숙자의 공간적 분포를 결정하는 내적 요인 중 하나인 거주환경의 빈곤상태와 노숙자간에는 긴밀한 상관관계가 존재하며, 메릴랜드주의 경우 체사피이크만을 경계로 하여 첨예하게 대립되는 서부의 부유한 지역과 동부의 빈곤지역은 노숙자분포에 있어서도 공간적인 불평등을 제공하고 있다. 특히 빈곤과 노숙자와의 관계는 부유한 지역보다 빈곤지역에서 더욱 강한 연관성을 나타낸다. 노숙자를 위한 서비스시설이나 프로그램에 있어서도 빈곤은 공간적인 불평등을 만드는 중요한 요인이 되고 있다. 따라서 노숙자를 위한 노숙자쉼터와 무료급식소 역시 노숙자 공간분포에 영향을 미치는 중요한 외적 요인으로 작용하고 있음을 본 연구를 통하여 알 수 있다.

The substantial economic expansion of the 1990s with the dramatic changes in the provision of welfare services in America, including welfare services for the homeless, had unexpected and differential impacts on homelessness and poverty rates across the states. This paper examines a spatial pattern and process of homelessness by counties in Maryland, USA, considering the spatial differences in the composition of financial income and expenditure with sharply different poverty situation and welfare services. This social geographical approach of homelessness in Maryland focuses on the changing personal characteristics of homeless people and the relation=hip between homelessness and poverty; homelessness and the provision of welfare services such as shelter beds and emergency food providers. It makes a conclusion that there is an uneven sociospatial patterns of homelessness, relating to diverse poverty situation and provision of welfare services for the homeless by variable welfare policy among counties, Maryland.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Baumohl, J.(ed.), 1996, Homelessness in America, Oryx Press, Phoenix
  2. Bergstrom, M.S., 2000, Life on the Streets: Takes and Tallies on the Homelessness, The Enterprise Foundation
  3. Blau, J., 1992, The Visible Poor. Homelessness in the United States, Oxford University Press, New York
  4. Bourne, L,S. and Ley, D.F., 1993, The Changing Social Geography of Canadian Cities, Queen's University Press, MeGill
  5. Bunting, T. and Filion, P., 2000, Canadian Cities in Transition, Oxford University Press, Toronto
  6. Burt, M.R. and Cohen, B.E., 1989, America's Homeless: Numbers, Characteristics, and Programs that Serve Them, Urban Institute Press, Washington
  7. Children's Defense Fund and the National Coalition for the Homeless, 1998, Welfare to What: Early Findings on Family Hardship and Well-Being
  8. Cragg, M, and O'Flaherty, B., 1999, Do Homeless Shelter Conditions Determine Shelter Population? The Case of the Dinkins Deluge, Journal of Urban Economics, 46, 377-41 https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1998.2128
  9. Daly, G., 1996, Homeless: Politics, Strategies and Lives on the Street, Routledge, New York
  10. Dear, M. and Wolch, J., 1987, Landscapes of Despair: From Deinstitutionalization to Homelessness, Polity Press. Cambridge
  11. Devine, J.A. and Wright, J.D., 1993, The Greatest of Evils: Urban Poverty and the American Underclass, Aldine de Gruyter, New York
  12. Ellickson, R.C., 1990, The Homeless Muddle, Public Interest, Spring, 45-6
  13. Elliott, M. and Krivo, L.J., 1991, Structural determinants of homelessness in the United States, Social Problems, 38, 113-131 https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1991.38.1.03a00070
  14. Fallis, G. and Murray, A., 1990, Housing the Homeless and Poor: New Partnerships among the Private, Public and Third Sectors, University of Toronto Press, Toronto
  15. Fisher, G.M., 1992, The development and history of the poverty thresholds, Social Security Bulletin, 55(4), 1-21
  16. Gordon, D. and Spieker, P.(eds.), 1999, The International Glossary on Poverty, Zed Books, New York
  17. Hirschi, T., 1990, Homelessness: a sociological research agenda, Sociological Spectrum, 10, 443-467 https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1990.9981940
  18. Jencks, C., 1994, The Homeless, Harvard University Press, Cambridge
  19. O'Flaherty, B., 1996, Making Room: The Economics of Homelessness, Harvard University Press, Cambridge
  20. Rowe, S. and Wolch, J., 1990, Social network in time and space: homeless women in skid row, Los Angeles, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 80, 184-204 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1990.tb00287.x
  21. Sever, A, 2002, Flight of abused women, plight of Canadian shelters: another road to homelessness, Women s Health and Urban Life, 1(1), 4-23
  22. Watson, S. and Austerberry, H., 1986, Housing and Homelessness, Routledge, London
  23. Wolch, J., 1987, Landscapes of despair: the homelessness crisis in U.S. cities, Society & Space, 5, 119-122
  24. Wolch, J. and Akita, A., 1989, The federal response to homelessness and its implication for American cities, Urban Geography, 10, 62-85 https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.10.1.62
  25. Wolch, J. and Dear, M., 1994, Malign Neglect: Homelessness in an American City, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
  26. Wolch, J., Dear, M., and Akita, A., 1988, Explaining Homelessness, Journal of the American Planning Association, 54(4), 443-453 https://doi.org/10.1080/01944368808976671
  27. Wolpert, J., 1980, The dignity of risk, Transactions ojthe Institute of British Geographers, 5, 391-410 https://doi.org/10.2307/622018