대한지리학회지 (Journal of the Korean Geographical Society)

대한지리학회 (The Korean Geographical Society)
권호 표지

남북전쟁 이전 미국 남부지방 식량자급 논쟁의 환경사적 검토

An Ecological Reflection on the Food Self-Sufficiency Debate of the Antebellum American South

  • Keumsoo Hong (Department of Geography Education, Korea University)
  • 발행 : 2004.06.01
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

남북전쟁 이전 미국의 남부지방은 플랜테이션, 노예, 면화 등 주로 부정적인 이미지로 중서부지방과 동부지방에 대비되었다. 환금작물 생산에 특화된 남부의 농업은 제조업 중심의 동부나 곡창지대를 안고있는 서부와는 확연한 차이를 보이는데, 이들 세 지역의 교역관계를 분석한 더글라스 노스는 남부지방의 경우 지역내부에서 소비되는 식량은 전적으로 서부에서 수입하였다고 설명하였다. 그러나 수집된 각종 통계와 문헌상의 기록으로 미루어 남부는 적어도 1830년대 말에서 1840년대 초에 자체적으로 충분한 양의 식량을 확보하기에 이른다. 그리고 그렇게 될 수 있었던 데에는 다년간의 면화재배로 척박해진 토양을 개선하기 위해 농촌지식인이 중심이 되어 범지역적으로 전개한 ‘과학적 영농’ 운동의 역할이 컸다. 새롭게 보급된 다각적 농법에서는 윤작이 강조되었는데, 특히 옥수수, 면화, 콩의 돌려짓기가 널리 채택되었다. 이를 통해 주요 식량원인 옥수수의 자급이 가능해졌고, 남아도는 양은 단백질 공급원인 돼지의 사료로 활용할 수 있었으며, 면화재배에서 얻어지는 수익도 체감의 악순환을 벗어날 수 있었다. 그러나 다각화의 가장 큰 소득이라면 질소고정에 효과적인 콩과작물을 통해 면화 단작으로 척박해진 토양을 되살릴 수 있다는 환경인식의 형성이었다.

The antebellum American South has been characterized by the lingering backward images of plantation, slaves and cotton. The South specializing in the cotton cultivation is compared with the manufacturing East and the breadbasket Midwest. Douglass North who examined the interregional trade assumed that the South up until 1860 relied on the Midwest for the foodstuffs. Statistical and literary evidence, however, disputes the North's model, showing instead that the southern region attained self-sufficiency in foodstuffs at least in the late 1830s or early 1840s. The South's food self-sufficiency is attributable, to a greater extent, to the region-wide environmental movement of scientific agriculture launched to address the aggravating soil problems from cotton monoculture. Diversification and crop rotation lied in the center of the new regime. The new agricultural system combining com, cotton and cowpea ensured the procurement of hoecake, hog meat, and cotton. The most significant outcome of the good farming regime, however, was the enhanced environmental consciousness which came to prevail the best farmer's reckless rush for profit maximization.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Proceedings of the Association of the American Geographers v.3 Distance, intercommunications, and geography Abler,R.F.
  2. Science v.105 no.2714 development of natural resources: the coming technological revolution on the land Bennett,H.H. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.105.2714.1
  3. Explorations in Entrepreneurial History N.S. v.1 no.2 Douglass C. North on American economic growth Bruchey,S.
  4. Cotton and the Growth of the American Economy, 1790-1860: Sources and Readings Bruchey,S.
  5. Quarterly Journal of Economics v.17 The early transportation and banking enterprises of the states in relation to the growth of corporations Callender,G.S. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884713
  6. Selections from the Economic History of the United States, 1765-1860 Callender,G.S.
  7. Wholesale Commodity Prices in the United States, 1700-1861, Statistical Supplement, Actual Wholesale Prices of Various Commodities Cole,A.H.
  8. A Documentary history of American Industrial Society Ⅰ. Plantation and Frontier Commons,J.R.(et al.)
  9. Journal of Political Economy v.49 no.3 Farm-making costs and the "safety valve": 1850-60 Danhof,C.H. https://doi.org/10.1086/255721
  10. Histoire de France Tableau de la geographie de la France de la Blache, P.V.;E. Lavisse(ed.)
  11. The Industrial Resources, etc., of the Southern and Western States DeBow,J.D.B.
  12. Statistical View of the United States DeBow,J.D.B.
  13. Geographical Inquiry and American Historical Problems Earle,C.V.
  14. Agricultural History v.66 no.3 The price of precocity: technical choice an ecological constraint in the cotton South, 1840-1890 Earle,C.V.
  15. Journal of the Early Republic v.13 no.2 Frontier Closure and the involution of American society Earle,C.V. https://doi.org/10.2307/3124084
  16. International Review of Social history v.38 Division of labor: the splintered geography of labor markets and movement sin industrializing America, 1790-1930 Earle,C.V. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859000112295
  17. Space, Tiem, and the American Way: A Geographical History of the United States, 1600-date Earle,C.V.
  18. Studies in Income and Wealth v.24 Interregional differences in per capita income, Population, and Total Income, 1840-1950 Easterlin,R.A.
  19. American Railroads and the Transportation of the Antobellum Economy Fishlow,A.
  20. New Views on American Economic Development Fogel,R.W.;R.L.Andreano(ed.)
  21. Agricultural History v.44 no.1 Self-sufficiency in the cotton economy of the antebellum south Gallman,R.E.
  22. Agricultural History v.36 no.3 Livestock in the slave economy of the old south a revised view Genovese,E.D.
  23. The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of teh Slave South Genovese,E.D.
  24. History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860 Gray,L.C.
  25. Agricultural History v.70 no.1 Long-term trends in agricultural specialization in the United States: some preliminary results Gregson,M.E.
  26. An Introduction to Agricultural Geography Gigg,D.
  27. Political Science Quarterly v.12 The southern farmer and the cotton question Hammond,M.B. https://doi.org/10.2307/2139666
  28. Hog Meat and Hoecake: Food supply in the Old South, 1840-1860 Hilliard,S.B.
  29. Pattern and Process: Research in Historical Geography Antebellum interregional trade: the Mississippi River as an example Hilliard,S.B.;R.E.Ehrenberg(ed.)
  30. Journal of Economic History v.31 no.3 The Self-sufficiency of the antebellum south: estimates of the food supply Hutchinson,W.K.;Williamson,S.H. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700074349
  31. Annals of the Associatio of American Geographers v.59 no.2 Spatial reorganization: a model and concept Jannell,D.G. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1969.tb00675.x
  32. History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States Johnson,E.R.;van Metre, T.W.;Huebner,G.G.;Hanchett,D.S.
  33. Organic Chemistry in Its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology Liebig,J.
  34. Letters on Modern Agriculture Liebig,J.
  35. Economic Development in the Philadelphia region, 1810-1850 Lindstrom,D.
  36. Agricultural History v.44 no.1 Southern dependence upon international grain supplies: a review of the trade flows, 1840-1860 Lindstrom,D.
  37. The Social Structure of Revolutionary America Main,J.T.
  38. Explorations in the New Economic History: Essays in honor of Douglass C. Notrh The antebellum interregional trade hypothesis: a reexamination of theory and evidence Mercer,L.J.;R.L.Ransom(ed.)(et al.)
  39. Report on the Internal Commerce of the United States House of Representatives, 46th Congress, 3rd Session, Executive Document 11 Part 2 Nimmo,J.Jr.
  40. Radical History Review v.4 no.1 Cash is good thing to eat: self-sufficiency and exchange in the rural economy of the United States Morrill,M.
  41. Journal of Political Economy v.63 no.3 Location theory and regional economic growth North,D.C. https://doi.org/10.1086/257668
  42. The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860 North,D.C.
  43. The Growth of the American Economy to 1860 North,D.C.(ed.);Thomas,R.P(ed.)
  44. The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller's Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States Olmeted,F.L.
  45. Plain Folk of the Old South Owsley,F.L.
  46. Journal of Southern History v.6 no.1 The economic basis of society in the late ante-bellum south Owsley,F.L.;Owsley,H.C. https://doi.org/10.2307/2191937
  47. Geografiska Annaler v.42 no.4 Comments on the adjustment of settlements in marginal areas Peget,E. https://doi.org/10.2307/520300
  48. An Essay on Calcareous Manures Ruffin,E.
  49. Journal of Political Economy v.47 no.6 Internal commerce and the development of national economy before 1960 Schmidt,L.B. https://doi.org/10.1086/255470
  50. The Market Revolution: jacksonian America, 1815-1846 Seller,C.
  51. James Sprunt Studies in Hitory and Political Science v.31 Lewis Thompson, A carolinian and his Louisiana plantation, 1848-1888: a study in absentee ownership Sitterson,J.C.
  52. Biological Efficiency in Agriculture Spedding,C.R.W.;Walsingham,J.M.;Hoxey,A.M.
  53. Review of Econmics and Statistics v.49 no.4 The causes of cotton-price fluctuations in the 1980's Temin,P. https://doi.org/10.2307/1928330
  54. Agricultural History v.59 no.2 Perspectives on the history of soil erosion control in the eastern united States Trimble,S.W.
  55. Eighth Census of the U.S., 1980, Agriculture U.S. Census Bureau
  56. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 U.S. Census Bureau
  57. Agricultural History v.44 no.1 Economic democracy and the concentration of agricultural wealth in the cotton south, 1850-1860 Wright,G.
  58. Review of Economics and Statistics v.53 no.2 An econometric study of cotton production and trade, 1830-1860 Wright,G. https://doi.org/10.2307/1925706
  59. Journal of Economic History v.35 Cotton, corn, and risk in the nineteenth century Wright,G.;Kunreuther,H. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700075628