Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Different Dietary Acidifier Sources of Calcium and Phosphorus on Ammonia, Methane and Odorant Emission from Growing-finishing Pigs

  • Kim, I.B. (SunJin Co., LTD.) ;
  • Ferke, P.R. (Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University) ;
  • Powers, W.J. (Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University) ;
  • Stein, H.H. (Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University) ;
  • Van Kempe, T.A.T.G. (Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University)
  • Received : 2003.10.24
  • Accepted : 2004.04.21
  • Published : 2004.08.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different sources of Ca and P on urine and ileal digesta pH, and ammonia ($NH_{3}$), methane ($CH_{4}$), and odor emission. In experiment 1, eight pigs (commercial three-way cross; initial BW 67$\pm$3 kg) were arranged in a repeated 4$\times$4 Latin Square design. All pigs were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Four corn-soybean meal based diets were formulated. Diet 1 was the control in which dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and limestone ($CaCO_{3}$) were used as the sources of inorganic P and Ca. In Diets 2 and 3, ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$, monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and $CaSO_{4}$replaced DCP and $CaCO_{3}$ as the inorganic sources of P and Ca. Diet 4 was similar to Diet 1 except that it was fortified with HCl to provide an acid load similar to that of diet 2. Urine and ileal digesta pH were determined in pigs fed each of these diets. In Exp. 1, urine pH decreased (p<0.05) in animals consuming diets containing ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$-$CaSO_{4}$ (5.85$\pm$0.38) and MCP-$CaSO_{4}$(5.73$\pm$0.30) compared with the DCP-$CaCO_{3}$ diet (6.89$\pm$0.24). In the pigs consuming ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$-$CaSO_{4}$, ileal digesta pH decreased compared with the control (5.52$\pm$0.28 vs. 6.66$\pm$0.17; p<0.05). Based on the results of Exp. 1, a total of four trials were performed in environmental chambers for determining how $NH_{3}$, $NH_{4}$, and odor were affected by the different dietary Ca and P sources (Exp. 2). In Exp. 2, pigs fed the ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$-$CaSO_{4}$ diet had decreased (30%) $NH_{3}$ emissions compared with the control (p<0.05). Also, a combination of MCP-$CaCO_{3}$-$CaCl_{12}$ decreased $NH_{3}$ emission by 15% (p<0.05). Emission of $CH_{4}$ was decreased only with the ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$-$CaSO_{4}$ diet with 14% (p<0.05). Odorant emission of phenolics and volatile fatty acids increased roughly three-fold with the DCP-$CaSO_{4}$ diet but was not affected by other test diets. In conclusion, acidogenic Ca and P sources in swine diets can decrease the urinary pH and reduce $NH_{3}$ and $CH_{4}$ emission from swine facilities.

Keywords

References

  1. Budde, R. A. and T. D. Crenshaw. 2003. Chronic metabolic acid load induced by changes in dietary electrolyte balance increased chloride retention but did not compromise bone in growing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 81:197-208.
  2. Canh, T. T., A. J. A. Aarnink, M. W. A. Verstegen and J. W. Schrama. 1998a. Influence of dietary factors on the pH and ammonia emission of slurry from growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 76:1123-1130.
  3. Canh, T. T., A. J. A. Aarnink, Z. Mroz, A. W. Jongbloed, J. W. Schrama and M. W. A. Verstegen. 1998b. Influence of electrolyte balance and acidifying calcium salts in the diet of growing-finishing pigs on urinary pH, slurry pH and ammonia volatilization from slurry. Livest. Prod. Sci. 56:1-13.
  4. Chen, Y. H., S. Y. Wang and J. C. Hsu. 2003. Effect of caecectomy on body weight gain, intestinal characteristics and enteric gas production in Gosilings. Asian-Aust. J. Amin. Sci. 16(7):1030-1034.
  5. Gralapp, A. K., W. J. Powers and D. S. Bundy. 2001. Comparison of olfactometry, gas chromatography and electronic nose technology for measurement of indoor air from swine facilities. Trans. ASAE 44:1283-1290.
  6. Gralapp, A. K., W. J. Powers, M. A. Faust and D. S. Bundy. 2002. Effects of dietary ingredients on manure characteristics and odorous emissions from swine. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1512-1519.
  7. Harper, L. A., O. T. Denmead, J. R. Freney and F. M. Byers. 1999. Direct measurements of methane emissions from grazing and feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1392-1401.
  8. Hobbs, P. J., T. H. Misselbrook and B. F. Pain. 1995. Assessment of odours from livestock wastes by photoionization detector, an electronic nose, olfactometry and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 60:137-144.
  9. Hobbs, P. J., T. H. Misselbrook, M. S. Dhanoa and K. C. Persaud. 2001. Development of a relationship between olfactometry response and major odorants from organic wastes. J. Sci. Food Agric. 81:188-193.
  10. Huang, W. H., D. S. Bundy, S. J. Hoff, X. Li and Q. Liu. 1996. Development of an automated forced-choice, dynamic-dilution olfactometer. Conference Proceedings: International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations. February 7-9, 1996. pp. 239-244. Midwest Plan Service, Ames, Iowa.
  11. IPCC. 1995. Radiative forcing of climate and an evaluation of the IPCC 1992 emission scenarios. (Ed. J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, J. Bruce, H. Lee, B. A. Callandar, E. Haites, N. Harris and K. Maskell). Intergovernmental panel on climate change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  12. Lana, R. P., J. B. Russell and M. E. Van Amburgh. 1998. The role of pH in regulating ruminal methane and ammonia production. J. Anim. Sci. 76:2190-2196.
  13. Likens, G. E., C. T. Driscoll and D. C. Buso. 1996. Long-term effects of acid rain: Response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science (Wash., DC) 272:244-245.
  14. Littell, R. C., G. A. Milliken, W. W. Stroup and R. D. Wolfinger. 1996. SAS systems for mixed models. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
  15. Mackie, R. I., P. G. Stroot and V. H. Varel. 1998. Biochemical identification and biological origin of key odor components in livestock waste. J. Anim. Sci. 76:1331-1341.
  16. Mroz, Z., A. J. Moeser, K. Vreman, J. T. M. van Diepen, T. van Kempen, T. T. Canh and A. W. Jongbloed. 2000. Effects of dietary carbohydrates and buffering capacity on nutrient digestibility and manure characteristics in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78:3096-3106.
  17. Muck, R. E. and T. S. Steenhuis. 1981. Nitrogen losses in free stall dairy barns. In: Livestock Waste, a Renewable Resource. Proc. Symp. ASAE, St. Joseph MI, No. 169, pp. 406-409.
  18. NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine (10th Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  19. Okumura, J. I. and I. Tasaki. 1968. Urinary nitrogen excretion in fowl fed acid or alkali. J. Nutr. 95:148.
  20. Otto, E. R., M. Yokoyama, S. Hengemuehle, R. D. von Bermuth, T. van Kempen and N. L. Trottier. 2003. Ammonia, volatile fatty acids, phenolics, and odor offensiveness in manure from growing pigs fed diets reduced in protein concentration. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1754-1763.
  21. Pain, B. F., R. B. Thompson, L. C. N. De La L. Cremer and L. Ten Holte. 1987. The use of additives in livestock slurries to improve their flow properties, conserve nitrogen and reduce odours. In: (Ed. H. G. V. D. Meer, R. J. Unwin, T. A. van Dijk, and G. C. Ennik) Animal Manure on Grassland and Fodder Crops. pp. 229-246. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
  22. Patience, J. F., R. E. Austic and R. D. Boyd. 1987. Effect of dietary electrolyte balance on growth and acid-base status in swine. J. Anim. Sci. 64:457-466.
  23. Rom, H. B. 1995. Ammonia emission from pig confinement buildings. System analysis and measuring methods. Ph. D. Thesis. Danish Institute of Animal Science, Bygholm.
  24. SAS. 1992. SAS User's Guide: Statistics (Version 6. 12 Ed.). SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC
  25. Schaefer, J. 1977. Sampling, characterization and analysis of malodors. Agric. Environ. 3:121-127.
  26. Shurson, J., M. Whitney and R. Nicolai. 1999. Manipulating diets may reduce hydrogen sulfide emissions. http://www.feedstuffs. com/feed/articleDetail/1,1931,11889,00.html. Accessed 27 June, 2002).
  27. Sommer, S. G. and S. Husted. 1995. The chemical buffer system in raw and digested animal slurry. J. Agric. Sci. 124:45-53.
  28. Stevens, R. J., R. J. Laughlin and J. P. Frost. 1989. Effect of acidification with sulphuric acid on the volatilization of ammonia from cow and pig slurry. J. Agric. Sci. 113:389-395.
  29. Sutton, A. L., K. B. Kephart, M. W. A. Verstegen, T. T. Canh and P. J. Hobbs. 1999. Potential for reduction of odorous compounds in swine manure through diet modification. J. Anim. Sci. 77:430-439.
  30. USEPA. 1992. Anthropogenic methane emission in the United States. Office of Air and Radiation, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
  31. van Kempen, T. A. T. G. 2001. Dietary adipic acid reduces ammonia emission from swine excreta. J. Anim. Sci. 79:2412-2417. https://doi.org/10.2527/2001.7992412x
  32. Veenhuizen, M. F., G. C. Shurson and E. M. Kohler. 1992. Effect of concentration and source of sulfate on nursery pig performance and health. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 201:1203-1208.
  33. Vlek, P. L. G. and J. M. Stumpe. 1978. Effects of solution chemistry and environmental conditions on ammonia volatilization losses from aqueous systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42:416-421.
  34. Yen, J. T., W. G. Pond and R. L. Prior. 1981. Calcium chloride as a regulator of feed intake and weight gain in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 52:778-782.
  35. Zhu, J. and L. D. Jacobson. 1999. Correlating microbes to major odorous compounds in swine manure. J. Environ. Qual. 28:737-744.

Cited by

  1. Effects of Organic or Inorganic Acid Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and White Blood Cell Counts in Weanling Pigs vol.19, pp.2, 2004, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.252
  2. Nutrient Digestibility and Mass Balance in Laying Hens Fed a Commercial or Acidifying Diet vol.86, pp.4, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.4.684
  3. Nutrition, key factor to reduce environmental load from pig production vol.109, pp.1, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.112
  4. Reducing air pollution from broiler farms vol.788, pp.1, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/788/1/012150