Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science

Korean Academy of Periodontology (대한치주과학회)
권호 표지

Expression of PDL-specific protein;PDLs22 on the developing mouse tooth and periodontium

발생중인 생쥐 치아 및 치주조직에서 치주인대-특이 단백질; PDLs22의 발현

  • Park, Jung-Won (Dept. of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University) ;
  • Park, Byung-Ki (Dept. of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University) ;
  • Kim, Sang-Mok (Dept. of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University) ;
  • Kim, Byung-Ock (Dept. of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University) ;
  • Park, Joo-Cheol (Dept. of Oral Histology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University)
  • 박중원 (조선대학교 치과대학 치주과학교실) ;
  • 박병기 (조선대학교 치과대학 치주과학교실) ;
  • 김상목 (조선대학교 치과대학 치주과학교실) ;
  • 김병옥 (조선대학교 치과대학 치주과학교실) ;
  • 박주철 (조선대학교 치과대학 구강조직학교실)
  • Published : 2002.03.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The periodontal ligament(PDL) is a unique tissue that is crucial for tooth function. However, little is known of the molecular mechanisms controlling PDL function. PDL-specific protein;PDLs22 had been previously identified as a novel protein isolated from cultured human PDL fibroblasts using subtraction hybridization between human gingival fibroblasts and PDL fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to examine the expression pattern and tissue localization of PDLs22 protein in embryonic and various postnatal stages of developing mouse using immunohistochemical staining. Embryos (E18) and postnatal (P1, P4, P5, P15, P18) were decapitated and the heads were fixed overnight in a freshly prepared solution of 4% paraformaldehyde. Some specimens were decalcified for $2{\sim}4$ weeks in a solution containing 10% of the disodium salt of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Next, tissues were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin and sectioned serially at $6{\mu}m$ in thickness. Polyclonal antiserum raised against PDLs22 peptides, ISNKYLVKRQSRD, were made. The localization of PDLs22 in tissues was detected by polyclonal antibody against PDLs22 by means of immunohistochemical staining. The results were as follows; 1. Expression of PDLs22 protein was not detected in the tooth germ of bud and cap stage. 2. At the late bell stage and root formation stage, strong expression of PDLs22 protein was observed in developing tooth follicle, osteoblast-like cells, and subodontoblastic cells in the tooth pulp, but not in gingival fibroblasts, ameloblasts and odontoblasts of tooth germ 3. In erupted tooth, PDLs22 protein was intensely expressed in PDL and osteoblast-like cells of alveolar bone, but not in gingival fibroblasts, mature osteocytes and adjacent salivary glands. 4. In the developing alveolar bone and mid-palatal suture, expression of PDLs22 protein was seen in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and osteoblast-like cells of developing mid-palatal suture, but not in mature osteocytes and chondrocytes. These results suggest that PDLs22 protein may play an important role in the differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the bone marrow and PDL cells, which can differentiate into multiple cell types including osteoblasts, cementoblasts, and PDL fibroblasts. However, more researches should be performed to gain a better understanding of the exact function of PDLs22 protein which related to the PDL cell differentiation.

Keywords

References

  1. Abiko Y, Shimizu N, Yamaguchi M, Suzuki H, Tadiguchi H. Effect of aging on functional changes of periodontal tissue cells. Annals Periodontol 3:350-369, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1902/annals.1998.3.1.350
  2. Amar S. Implications of cellular and molecular biology advances in periodontal regeneration. Anatomical Record 245:361-373, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199606)245:2<361::AID-AR17>3.0.CO;2-N
  3. Arzate H, Alvarez-Perez MA, Aguilar-Mendoza ME, Alvarez-Fregoso O. Human cementum tumor cells have different features from human osteoblastic cells in vitro. J Periodontal Res 33:249-258, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1998.tb02197.x
  4. Bolcato-Bellemin AL, Elkaim R, Abehsera A, et.al. Expression of mRNAs encoding for $\alpha$and $\beta$ integrin subunits, MMPs and TIMPs in stretched human periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Res 79:1712-1716, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345000790091201
  5. Brandsten C, Lundmark C, Christersson C, Jammarstrom L, Wurtz T. Expression of collagen $\alpha$1(I)mRNA variants during tooth and bone formation in the rat. J Dent Res 78:11-19, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345990780010101
  6. Carnes DL, Maeder CL, Graves DT. Cells with osteoblastic phenotypes can be explanted from human gingiva and periodontal ligament. J Periodontol 68:701-707, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1997.68.7.701
  7. Chien HH, Lin WL, Cho MI. Interleukin-1$\beta$ induced release of matrix proteins into culture media causes inhibition of mineralization of nodules formed by periodontal ligament cells in vivo. Calcif Tissue Int 64:402-413, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00005822
  8. Cho MI, Garant PR. Expression and role of epidermal growth factor receptors during differentiation of cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts in the rat. Anatomical Record 245:342-360, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199606)245:2<342::AID-AR16>3.0.CO;2-P
  9. Cho MI, Gagant PR. Development and general structure of the periodontium. Periodontol 24:9- 27, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2000.2240102.x
  10. Cho MI, Lin WL, Garant PR. Occurence of epidermal growth factor-binding sites during differentiation of cementoblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts of the young rat: A light and electron microscopic radioautographic study. Anatomical Record 231:14-24, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092310104
  11. Cho MI, Matsuda N, Lin WL, Moshier A, Ramakrishnan, PR. In vitro formation of mineralized nodules by periodontal ligament cells from the rat. Calcif Tissue Int 50:459-467, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00296778
  12. Dahan M, Nawrocki B, Elkaim R, Soell M, et.al. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in healthy and diseased human gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 28:128-136, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028002128.x
  13. Duarte WR, Iimura T, Takenaga K, et.al. Extracellular role of S100A4 calcium-binding protein in the periodontal ligament. Biochem Biophs Res Commun 255:416-420, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.0214
  14. Duarte WR, Kasugai S, Imiura T, et.al. cDNA cloning of S100 calcium-binding proteins from bovine periodontal ligament and their expression in oral tissues. J Dent Res 77:1694-1699, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345980770090501
  15. Fries KM, Blieden T, Looney RJ, et.al. Short analytical review evidence of fibroblast heterogeneity and the role of fibroblast subpopulations in fibrosis. Clin Immunol Immunopatho 72:283-292, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1006/clin.1994.1144
  16. Heicingeimo K, Begue-Kirn C, Ritvos O, Tuuri T, Ruch JV. Actin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling during tooth development. Eur J Oral Sci 106:167-173, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1998.tb02171.x
  17. Horiuchi k, Amizuka N, Takeshita H, et.al. Identification and characterization of a novel protein, periostin, with restricted expression to periosteum and periodontal ligament and increased expression by transforming growth factor-$\beta$. J Bone Mineral Res 14:1239-1249, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.7.1239
  18. Giannopoulou C, Cimasoni G. Functional characteristics of gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Dent Res 75:895-902, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345960750030601
  19. Johnso, PW, Lancero B.S. Function of gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells in the presence of methyl mercaptan. Quintessence Int 30:343-349, 1999.
  20. Kapila YL, Lancero H, Johnson PW. The response of periodontal ligament cells to fibronectin. J Periodontol 69:1008-1019, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1998.69.9.1008
  21. Kuru L, Parkar MH, Griffths GS, Newman HN, Olsen I. Flow cytometry analysis of gingival and periodontal ligament cells. J Dent Res 77:555-564, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345980770040801
  22. Lackler KP, Cochran DL, Hoang AM, Takacs V, Oates TW. Development of an in vitro wound healing model for periodontal cells. J Periodontol 71:226-237, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2000.71.2.226
  23. Lekic K, McCulloch, CAG. Periodontal ligament cell populations:The central role of fibroblasts in creating a unique tissue. Anatomical Record 245:327-341, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199606)245:2<327::AID-AR15>3.0.CO;2-R
  24. Lekic P, Rojas J, Birek C, Tenenbaum H, McCulloch CAG. Phenotypic comparison of periodontal ligament cells in vivo and in vitro. J Periodont Res 36:71-79, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0765.2001.360202.x
  25. Matsuda N, Yokoyama K, Takeshita S, Watanabe M. Role of epidermal growth factor and its receptor in mechanical stress-induced differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells in vitro. Archives of Oral Biol 43:987-997, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9969(98)00079-X
  26. Morishita M, Yamamura T, Shimazu A, Bachchu AH, Iwamoto Y. Estradiol enhances the production of mineralized nodules by human periodontal ligament cells. J Clin Periodontol 26:748-751, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.1999.t01-7-261101.x
  27. Nishimura F, Naruishi K, Yamada H, et.al. High glucose suppresses cathepsin activity in periodontal ligament derived fibroblastic cells. J Dent Res 79:1614-1617, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345000790081501
  28. Nishimura F, Terranova VP. Comparative study of the chemotactic responses of periodontal ligament cells and gingival fibroblasts to polypeptide growth factors. J Dent Res 75:986-992, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345960750041401
  29. Ogiso B, Hughes FJ, Davies JE, McCulloch CA. Fibroblastic regulation of osteoblast function by prostaglandins. Cell Signal 4:627-639, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1016/0898-6568(92)90044-9
  30. Palmon A, Roos H, Reichenberg E, et.al. Basic fibroblast growth factor suppresses tropoelastin gene expression in cultured human periodontal fibroblasts. J Periodont Res 36:65-70, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0765.2001.360201.x
  31. Park JC, Kim YB, Kim HJ, et.al. Isolation and characterization of cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblast-specific cDNAs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 20:282:1145-1153, 2001
  32. Parkar MH, Kuru L, Giouzeil M, Olsen I. Expression of growth factor receptors in normal and regeneration human periodontal cells. Arch Oral Biology 46:275-284, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9969(00)00099-6
  33. Phipps RP, Borrello MA, Blieden TM. Fibroblast heterogeneity in the periodontium and other tissue. J Periodont Res 32:159-165,1997 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1997.tb01398.x
  34. Ramakrishnan PR, Lin WL, Sodek J, Cho MI. Synthesis of noncollagenous extracellular matrix proteins during development of mineralized nodules by rat periodontal cells in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 57:52-59, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00298997
  35. Rajshankar D, McCulloch CAG, Tenenbaum HC, Lekic PC. Osteogenic inhibition by rat periodontal ligament cells:modulation of bone morphogenic protein-7 activity in vivo. Cell Tissue Res 249:475-483, 1998
  36. San Miguel SM, Goseki-sone M, Sugiyama E, et.al. The effects of retinoic acid on alkaline phosphatase activity and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase gene expression in human periodontal ligament cells and gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 33:428-433, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1998.tb02339.x
  37. Sawa Y, Phillips A, Hollard J, Yoshida S, Braithwaite MW. The in vivo life-span of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Tissue & Cell 32:163-170, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1054/tice.2000.0100
  38. somerman MJ, Foster RA, Imm GM, Sauk JJ, Archer SY. Periodontal ligament cells and gingival fibroblasts respond differently to attachment factors in vitro. J Periodontol 60:73-77, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1989.60.2.73
  39. Strutz F, Okada H, Lo CW, et.al. Identifiaction and characterization of a fibroblast marker:FSP1. J Cell Biol 130:393-405, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.130.2.393
  40. Takiguchi T, Kobayashi M, Nagashima C, et.al. Effect of prostaglandin E2 on recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodont Res 34:431-436, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1999.tb02278.x
  41. Thesleff I, Hurmerinta K. Tissue interactions in tooth development. Differentiation 18:75-88, 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-0436.1981.tb01107.x
  42. Thesleff I, Vaahtokari A, Kettunen P Aberg T. Epithelial mesenchymal signaling during tooth development. Connect Tissue Res 32:9-15, 1995 https://doi.org/10.3109/03008209509013700
  43. Thesleff I, Vaahtokari A, Partanen AM. Regulation of organogenesis. common molecular mechanisms regulating the development of teeth and other organs. Int J Dev Biol 39(1):35-50, 1995
  44. Theselff I, Vaahtokari A, Vainio S, Jowett A. Molecular mechanisms of cell and tissue interactions during early tooth development. Anat Rec 245(2):151-161, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199606)245:2<151::AID-AR4>3.0.CO;2-#
  45. Thesleff I, Sharpe PT. Signalling network regulating dental development. Mech Del 67(2):111-123, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4773(97)00115-9
  46. Van der Pauw MT, Van Den Bos T, Everts V, Beertsen W. Enamel matrix-derived protein stimulates attachment of periodontal ligament fibroblasts and enhances alkaline phosphatase activity and transforming growth factor $\beta$1 release of periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol 71:31-43, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2000.71.1.31
  47. Vainio S, Karavanova I, Jowett A, Theselff I. Identification of BMP-4 as a signal mediating secondary induction between epithelial and mesenchymal tissues during early tooth development. Cell 75:45-58, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(05)80083-2
  48. Wada N, Maeda H, Tanabe K, et.al. Periodontal ligament cells secrete the factor that inhibits osteoclastic differentiation and function:the Factor is osteoprotegrin/osteoclastdogenesis inhibitory factor. J Periodontal Res 36:56-63, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0765.2001.00604.x
  49. Wise GE, Zhao L, Grier IV RL. Localization and expression of CSF-1 receptor in rat dental follicle cells. J Dent Res 76:1244-1249, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345970760060301
  50. Ye J, Nishimura F, Oraman R, Terranova VP. Isolation, purification, and partial characterization of an autocrine periodontal ligament cell chemotactic factor. J Dent Res 74:1303-1309, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345950740061001