Journal of Radiation Protection and Research

The Korean Association for Radiation Protection (대한방사선방어학회)
권호 표지

Assessment of Effective Dose from Diagnostic X-ray Examinations of Adult

진단X선에 의한 성인의 진단행위별 유효선량평가

  • Kim, Woo-Ran (Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University) ;
  • Lee, Choon-Sik (Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University) ;
  • Lee, Jai-Ki (Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University)
  • 김우란 (한양대학교 원자력공학과) ;
  • 이춘식 (한양대학교 원자력공학과) ;
  • 이재기 (한양대학교 원자력공학과)
  • Published : 2002.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Methodology to evaluate the effective doses to adults undergoing various diagnostic x-ray examinations were established by Monte Carlo simulation of the x-ray examinations. Anthropomorphic mathematical phantoms, the MIRD5 male phantom and the ORNL female phantom, were used as the target body and x-ray spectra were produced by the x-ray spectrum generation code SPEC78. The computational procedure was validated by comparing the resulting doses to the results of NRPB studies for the same diagnostic procedures. The effective doses as well as the organ doses due to chest, abdomen, head and spine examinations were calculated for x-rays incident from AP, PA, LLAT and RLAT directions. For instance, the effective doses from the most common procedures, chest PA and abdomen AP, were 0.029 mSv and 0.44 mSv, respectively. The fact that the effective dose from PA chest x-ray is far lower than the traditional value of 0.3 mSv(or 30 mrem), which results partly from the advances of technology in diagnostic radiology and partly from the differences in the dose concept employed, emphasizes necessities of intensive assessment of the patient doses in wide ranges of medical exposures. The methodology and tools established in this study can easily be applied to dose assessments for other radiology procedures; dose from CT examinations, dose to the fetus due to examinations of pregnant women, dose from pediatric radiology.

몬테칼로 모사를 통해 여러 가지 진단X선 검사를 받는 성인의 유효선량을 평가하는 방법체계를 구축하였다. 피사체 인형팬텀으로서 MIRD5 남성 팬텀과 ORNL 여성팬텀이 이용되었고 사용 X선 스펙트럼은 SPEC78 코드로 생산하였다. 같은 진단절차에 대해 NRPB 평가결과와 비교함으로써 계산체계를 검증하였다. 계산체계를 이용하여 흉곽, 복부, 두부 및 척추의 진단에서 AP, PA, LLAT 및 RLAT 방향으로 입사하는 X선에 대한 장기 등가선량과 유효선량을 평가하였으며 가장 보편적인 흉곽 PA와 복부 AP의 경우 유효선량이 각각 0.029mSv와 0.44mSv로 나타났다. 흉곽 PA 1회 촬영 시 피폭하는 선량이 전통적 평가치인 0.3mSv(또는 30mrem)보다 매우 작게 나타나는 것은 진단방사선 기술의 발전뿐만 아니라 적용하는 선량개념의 차이에 기인하는 것으로서 여러 방사선 의료절차에 대한 집중적인 환자선량 평가의 필요성을 강조하는 것이다. 여기서 개발된 선량평가 체계는 CT 선량, 임부의 진단으로 인한 태아의 선량, 소아과 X선에 의한 선공 등 다른 방사선 의료절차에도 용이하게 응용될 수 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. International Commission on Radiological Protection, 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, lCEP Publication 60, Pergamon Press(1991)
  2. P. Gron, 'Methods used to Estimate the Collective Dose in Denmark from Diagnostic Radiology', Proc. Symp., IRPA, P-7-24 (2000)
  3. W.S. Snyder, M.R. Ford and G.G. Warner, Estimates of Specific Absorbed Fraction for Photon Sources Uniformly Distributed in Various Organs of a Heterogeneous Phantom, Society of Nuclear Medicine, New York, MIRD Pamphlet No.5. Revised(1978)
  4. D. Hart, D.G. Jones and B.F. Wail, Estimation of Effective Dose in Diagnostic Radiology from Entrance Surface Dose and Dose-Area Product Measurements, Report NRPB-R262, National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, UK(1994)
  5. K. Cranley, B.J. Gilmore, G.W.A. Fogarty, and L. Desponds, Catalogue of Diagnostic, X-ray Spectra and Other Data, Report No. 78, The Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine(1997)
  6. M. Cristy, Mathematical Phantoms for Use in Reassessment of Radiation Dose to Japanese Atomic-Bomb Survivors, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report ORNL/TM-9487(1985)
  7. M. Cristy and K.F. Eckerman, Specific Absorbed Fraction of Energy at Various Ages from Internal Photon Sources, Part V: Fifteen-Year-Old Male and Adult Female, Report ORNL/TM-8351/V5, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, Tennessee (1987)
  8. K.A. Van Riper, SABRINA User's Guide, LA-UR-93-3696, LANL(1993)
  9. LANL Group X-6, MCNP-A General Monte Carlo Code N-Particle Transport Code Version 4B, LA-12625-M(1997)
  10. J.H. Hubbell, W.J. Veigele, E.A. Briggs, R.T.Brown, D.T. Cromer and R.J. Howerton, 'Atomic Form Factors, Incoherent Scattering Functions and Photon .Scattering Cross Sections', J. Phys. Chem., Ref. Data 4,471(1975)
  11. International Commission on Radiological Protection, Conversion Coefficients for Use in Radiological Protection against External Radiation, ICRP Publication 74, Pergamon Press(1996)
  12. G. Drexler, 'Verlauf der Ionendosis an Grenzschichten, In Microdosimetry', Proc. Symp. Microdosimetry, Ispra, 13-15. EUR 3747 d-f-e, European Communities, Brussels (1968)
  13. M. Cristy, 'Active bone marrow distribution as a function of age in humans', Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 26, No.3 389-400 (1981)
  14. D. Hart, D.G. Jones and B.F. Wall, Normalised Organ Doses for Medical X-ray Examinations Calculated Using Monte Carlo Techniques, Report NRPB-SR262, National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, UK(1994)
  15. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes, Volume 1 .Sources, United Nations, New York(2000)