• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.10 s.200
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• pp.91-104
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of clothing microclimates and the subjective sensations according to age, gender and clothing weight for $19^{\circ}C$ air temperature. This study was done to gain fundamental data related to saving heating energy and to improve health through wearing underwear (long johns) in lower indoor temperatures. The subjects were divided into four groups (6 young males, 5 young females, 6 old males, 6 old females), and our experiment consisted of three conditions; the first condition was wearing long underwear in $19^{\circ}C$ air (19CUW condition); the second condition was without wearing long underwear in $19^{\circ}C$ air (19C condition); and the third condition was without wearing underwear in $24^{\circ}C$ air (24C condition). The experiment showed that the clothing microclimate temperature and humidity was the lowest in the 19C condition and the highest in the 24C condition irrespective of age and gender. The clothing microclimate in the 19CUW condition was not significantly distinguishable from the other conditions. Clothing microclimate temperature and humidity when the subjects responded thermal comfort was $28\~34^{\circ}C$ and $15\~40\%$RH without any significant difference according to age and gender. For the thermal sensation, the 24C condition was regarded as the warmest environment by the four groups, and the next preference was the 19CUW condition (p<0.001). Young females and old males showed a tendency to feel colder than young males and old females. For the thermal sensation of hands and feet, the young groups felt the warmest in the 24C condition and the coolest in the 19 C condition (p<0.001). However, old males felt neutral for the foot thermal sensation without any significant difference between the three conditions. Old females felt neutral for both the hands and feet thermal sensations without any significant difference between the three conditions. Thermal preference was the highest in the 24C condition for the 4 groups. In the 19CUW condition, for the thermal preference, most young males and females responded 'No change'; on the other hand, mea of the old responded 'Warmer'(p<0.001). It was the 24C condition that the 4 subject groups felt the most thermally comfortable. In the 19CUW condition, over $80\%$ of responses of each group expressed satisfaction and in the 19C condition, over $80\%$ of responses of each group, except young females, expressed satisfaction. In conclusion, in view of the clothing microclimate and subjective sensations, the 24C condition was the condition that gave subjects the least cold stress and the best subjective preference. However, the 19C condition and the 19CUW condition was not such a cold stress as to give healthy subjects a thermal burden.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.123-134
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• 2004

A convenience samples of Korean-Canadian/American adults who lived in Vancouver, San Hose and Los Angeles areas for over 10 years, were studied in 2000. Total of 130 adults were analyzed by immigration age. The age of immigration age was divided into 3 groups: the young group immigrated at 25 or before, the middle group immigrated at 26 to 40, and the old group immigrated at over 40. Their average length of residence in Canada and the U.S. was a little longer than 20 years. The dietary behavior patterns were similar among 3 groups, except co-eaters and dining-out frequency, and the Korean-Canadians/Americans seemed to be more home-based, family-tightened and traditional patterns than Koreans in Korea. They liked Korean traditional basic dishes, but their children liked a-la-carte ones and immigrants at early 20's showed similar food preferences as young generations. The attitudes of dietary acculturation for themselves and for their children were high. Since immigrating at age 26 to 40 years old rather than 20's or over 40's, showed stronger acculturation attitudes even with no significance and revealed significantly differences in some dietary behaviors and food preferences, it is recommended that immigration age should be considered when planning dietary foodservices at nursing care systems for Korean Canadians/Americans.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.11b
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• pp.763-765
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of the research was to evaluate the recognition levels on PHR (Personal Health Record) which was regarded as a valuable tool in health areas. Old and young age groups (mostly university students) were two groups that were under investigation. The young age group was deliberately asked to pretend they were members in the old age group (adult group here after) in order to investigate the recognition level differences in such conditions. Methods: We performed common and grouping analyses based on two hypotheses. Firstly the survey results should be different in both age groups. Secondly people who had high risk factors of a disease (obesity in our study) should show higher recognition level on PHR based on an assumption that they were aware of serious outcome of the disease more than the others. Results & Conclusion: The first hypothesis was rejected as both groups show similar patterns in responding the survey. The second hypothesis was also rejected because both groups showed responses in similar patterns. Based on the outcome of our study and analyses, we concluded that there would be no differences in recognition levels on PHR between young and adult groups. Also, possession of disease risk factors, at least for obesity, would not affect the recognition level of PHR. Further elaborate researches with larger groups on the topic may be necessary in order to validate the method and to expand for various applications.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.297-308
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to examine the environmental characteristics of housing for the elderly preferred by different age groups. By age groups, the result of the study may be described as follows: 1. The young people and the middle aged wanted to live in self-contained unit, but the aged tended to live in the three-generation sharing house to spend their declining years in the future. 2. In the interior housing environment, all three age groups were highly interested in the security facilities than the interior space arrangements of planning of elderly housing. especially, the result of demand of the interior space arrangements in the young people was higher than the old age's. In the exterior housing environment, the garden si the most important space in establishing housing plan.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.200-204
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• 2002

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the clinicopathological characteristics and postoperative prognosis of two age groups with gastric cancer in order to establish the proper treatment strategy in these groups of patients. Materials and Methods: Among patients with gastric cancer who underwent a gastrectomy between 1990 and 1996 at the Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University, the clinicopathological characteristics, including the postoperative survival, of patients younger than 40-years old were compared with those of patients over 69-years old. Results: During that period 1,125 gastric cancer patients underwent a gastrectomy. Among them, 111 patients ($9.9\%$) were less than 40-years old, and 96 patients ($8.5\%$) were over 69-years old. In the young group, 79 patients ($71.2\%$) had a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and 59 patients from the elderly group ($61.5\%$) had a well- or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (P<0.05). Curative surgery was performed for 88 ($79.3\%$) patients in the young group and 78 ($81.3\%$) patients in the elderly group. This difference was not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference in the 5-year survival rates between the young and the elderly ($66.3\%\;vs.\;47.2\%$) groups, but the 5-year survival rate of the young group was significantly higher than that of the elderly group after a curative resection ($83.2\%\;vs.\;53.3\%$; P<0.05). Also the 5-year survival rate of the elderly group was significantly higher than that of the young group after a non-curative resection ($20.4\%\;vs.\;4.6\%$; P<0.05). Conclusions: For young patients, more efforts are needed to detect gastric cancer in its early stages so that a curative surgery can be performed. However, for the elderly, surgical treatment is recommended at any stage because of the relatively high survival rate, even after non-curative surgery.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1057-1068
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the differences of health patterns; health-related characteristics, health behaviors, health problems, and self-care levels of elderly, living alone in an urban area according to age roup. Method: The study design was a descriptive survey and the subjects were 1,800 elderly consisting of 937 young old, 704 middle old, and 159 old old. Data was collected from May to July 2003 using the structured questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics, $\chi$$^2$-test, Fisher's exact probability test, ANOVA and Scheffe test using SPSS/PC. Result: The health related characteristics which involved body mass index, mental status, use of assistant devices, perceived health, concern of health, and social support were different among the groups and more aggravated by aging. Health behaviors and health problems were also significantly aggravated in the old old group. The self-care levels measured by ADL, physical activity, and self-care ability scores were also significantly decreased in the old old group. Conclusion: For the level of health status, health behaviors and self-care ability were significantly decreased by aging, health care services for the elderly should be planned considering the difference in the health pattern by age group.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.171-188
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• 2000

The level of representation, exploration and artistry by age and sex was examined in twenty children in each of 4-, 5-, and 6-year old groups attending an early education facility in Pundang City, Kyong'gi Province. Evaluation was by the scoring system used in the Project Spetrum(Krechevsky, 1994) with children's drawings of an animal, person, imaginary animal and 3D work with clay. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Duncan test. The level of representation was lower than exploration and artistry in the 4-year-old groups. Level of artistry was lower than representation and exploration in the 5-and 6-year-old groups. The older children and girls showed higher scores than the younger children and boys in representation and exploration. There were differences between 4-and 5-year old children in artistry development.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2015

Objective: To investigate and compare the size of the rectus femoris (RF), tibialis anterior (TA), and medial gastrocnemius (GMM) using ultrasound (US) imaging in young, elderly, and very elderly groups. Design: Cross sectional study. Methods: This study consisted of 25 young (age 20 years), 24 elderly (age 65-74 years), and 25 very elderly (age 75-90 years) people with no physical dysfunctions. The cross sectional area (CSAs) of the RF and muscle thickness of the TA and GMM were measured at rest and during contraction using an US system. Results: The CSA of the RF and thickness of the TA and GMM were significantly smaller in the elderly and very elderly groups than in the young group (p<0.05). There was a significant difference of the CSA of the RF at rest and during contraction between elderly and very elderly group (p<0.05). In the comparison of the TA and GMM thickness between elderly and very elderly groups, there were no significant differences except for the TA thickness during contraction. There was a significant difference in the percentage change in RF CSA among the three groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results revealed loss of muscle mass in the RF, TA, and GMM in elderly and very elderly people (${\geq}65$ years old). In particular, the greatest age-related decline in muscle mass was observed for the RF. Furthermore, the CSA of the RF declined with aging in the very elderly groups (${\geq}75$ years old).

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.66-79
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study investigated gender and age differences in nutrient intake and dietary quality of people eating alone. SUBJECTS/METHODS: From Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016 data, 2,305 adults aged 20 years and older that ate meals alone were included in this study. Their energy and nutrients intakes, as well as their nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and index of nutritional quality (INQ) were analyzed. Food group consumption pattern, dietary variety score (DVS), dietary diversity score (DDS) were also analyzed. All data were compared among gender and age groups. RESULTS: Men consumed more energy and nutrients than women, except for vitamin C, and the NARs showed similar gender differences. The INQs of 4 nutrients (calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and riboflavin) were lower than 1.0 in men, whereas only the calcium INQ was lower than 1.0 in women. Men had a lower DDS (3.6) than women (3.9) (P < 0.001) and had more 'undesirable' food group consumption patterns than women (P < 0.001). The intakes of calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C were relatively low in the young-aged group (INQs less than 1.0). In the old-aged group, the MAR level was relatively low, and the INQs of calcium, riboflavin, and niacin were below 1.0. The old-aged group consumed more menu items, but their DVS was the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to women, the dietary quality and food diversity among men were poorer. There were poorer quality and diversity patterns in the young-aged group compared to those of the older groups. An overall low intake of nutrients and the low nutrient density of meals were the main dietary problems among the old-aged group who eat alone. Therefore, men, particularly young- and old-aged, need to be prioritized in nutritional policies directed toward those who eat alone.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.299-306
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of egg storage, broiler breeder age, and the change of egg weight during incubation on growth rate of chicks and 43-day-old dressing percentage. The trials involved hatching eggs obtained from 27-wk-old hens and stored for 6 d for the Young-EXP group, from 28-wk-old hens and stored for 0 d for the Young-CON group, from 51-wk-old hens and stored for 6 d for the Old-EXP group, and from 52-wk-old hens and stored for 0 d for the Old-CON group, The hens were two commercial broiler breeder flocks of the same strain (Cobb) but of different egg producing stages(early and middle stages of egg production). The chicks were grown on floor pens for 6 wks, The differences of setting egg weights between Old-CON and Old-EXP groups were 1 g, but those between Young-CON and Young-EXP groups were 2.9 g(P<0,05). The loss of egg weight during 18 d incubation did not greatly differ among four groups, but the loss of egg weight during 21 d incubation was significantly (P<0.05) more in the middle stage of egg production groups than in the early stage of egg production groups. The mean birth weights of the middle stage of egg production groups were significantly(P<0,05) heavier by 8,7 g than those of the early stage of egg production groups; however, the differences of 6-wk-old body weight were not significant between egg producing stages. The differences of body weights in both egg producing stages were not significantly influenced by egg storage period in overall wks of ages. Egg storage and hen age did not greatly influence to the 43 d dressing percentages, either, The correlations of the setting egg weight with 18 d egg weight during incubation, growth rate of chicks, or 43 d dressing percentage were not significant.