• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2015

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of short-term treadmill walking with high-heeled shoes on electromyography activities of the medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior in healthy young females. Methods: Fifteen healthy females were recruited for this study. To measure muscle activation, the subjects were asked in random order to walk on a treadmill using either high-heeled shoes or barefoot conditions. The shoe heel height for high-heeled walking was 7 cm. The walking speed on the treadmill was 4 km/h, and the inclination rate of the treadmill was 10%. The subjects performed treadmill walking in the barefoot and high-heeled walking conditions for 5 minutes. Electromyography data were collected from the tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus on both firm and foam surfaces and during eyes-open and-closed conditions while standing. Results: Tibialis anterior activity was significantly different before and after the walking task while standing on a foam surface with eyes closed (p<.05). Conclusion: This finding suggests that the activity of the tibialis anterior may be lowered after high-heeled walking. Therefore, high-heeled shoes contribute to harmful effects at the ankle joints, increasing the risks of falling and musculoskeletal injury.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.835-842
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• 2013

Flathead flounder Hippoglossoides dubius is a commercially important fish in the coastal waters of Gangwon Province, which is its spawning ground and breeding habitat. A total of 1,669 gonads were sampled monthly from February 2011 to May 2013 to investigate ecological characteristics, such as variations in maturation and spawning by gonad index, visual maturity stage, histological observations and oocyte diameter. Males were numerically dominant over females in the fishing grounds year round. The spawning season was from January to April, and the peak was from February to March. Oocyte number as a measure of fecundity was between 27,372 and 915,209 eggs with a length range of 26.0-48.7 cm TL, while the largest oocyte grew to 0.9-1.4mm in egg diameter during its spawning season. The relationship between fecundity and total length was $F=0.0016TL^{5.2539}$. The smallest mature lengths of the females and males were 28.4 and 22.6 cm respectively, and the 50% mature lengths of females and males were 32.9, 26.9 cm respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.491-499
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• 2003

Selenium is a strong antioxidant trace mineral, scavenging free radicals. The prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases is increasing in Korean adults with increasing age. The increased cell damage from free radicals has been implicated in the etiology of these diseases, and evidence is accumulating that the low selenium status that comes with advanced aged is involved in the prevalence of age-associated diseases. However, little is known about the selenium status of Koreans, its age-related change and its relationship to dietary nutrient intake. In this study, the serum selenium levels of healthy adult females according to life cycle and its association with blood albumin levels and nutrient intake were examined. Serum selenium level was measured with the Huwo research reactor using the neutron activation analysis method (NAA). The overall proportion of women with selenium deficiency, serum selenium concentrations below 7.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, was 9.4%. The average serum selenium levels were 12.39 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 9.45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 9.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl in the young adult, middle-aged and elderly groups, respectively, showing a reduction of selenium status with advancing age. Selenium deficiency was seen only in the elderly group. Generally, serum selenium levels positively or negatively correlated with nutrient intake, but these association patterns differed depending on the age. The nutrients that showed positive correlations with selenium levels were proteins and phosphate in the young adult group (p < 0.05, p < 0.05), and total calcium, potassium and vegetable-origin calcium in the middle-aged group. Vitamin C and fiber were the negative correlated nutrients with serum selenium levels in the elderly group (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis of the determining factors responsible for selenium status showed that age and serum albumin levels were important factors which explained up to 26.9% variances in serum selenium levels. The average selenium concentrations of Korean adult female subjects were above the deficiency levels in all three age groups. There was a tendency toward decreasing selenium levels as the age of the subjects increased. The factors with the strongest in-fluence on selenium status in healthy adult Korean females were age and serum protein status. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 491~499, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1021-1027
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• 1996

This study examined the patterns of nutrient intakes measured by 1-, 3-, 7-day recalls and records as well as food frequency questionnaire among 59 females volunteers enrolled in the university in Seoul, Korea. Over a 4 month period, a modified Willett food frequency questionnaire was administered once, and a 24-hour dietary recall was conducted 12 times and a weighted dietary record 14 times. From these 12 recalls and 14 records, 1-, 3-, 7-day data were randomly selected. For energy and 11 nutrients, group mean intakes derived from food frequency questionnaire were higher than from recalls and records. Group mean intakes from recalls and records showed little differences depending on days of dietary studies and dietary methods. Measures of agreement were calculated by weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient values calculated for quintile categories while comparing to the results of 26 days recalls and records. Weighted kappa values ranged from 0.11 for riboflavin to 0.36 for vitamin C for and 1-day recall, and from 0.21 for iron to 0.31 for energy for the 1-day record. Weighted kappa values were increased as the number of days of dietary studies increased (0.34-0.57 for the 3-day recalls, 0.27-0.50 for the 3-day records, 0.50-0.68 for the 7-day recalls, and 0.50-0.65 for the 7-day records). Weighted kappa values for food frequency questionnaire were higher than the 1-day data, but lower than the 3-and-7day data(0.34 for energy, 0.31 for iron and 0.22 for vitamin C). Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.21 for vitamin A to 0.57 for calcium. The degrees of agreement by different methods and days of dietary study are lower in our study compared to agreement by different methods and days of dietary study are lower in our study compared to those in previously published studies for Western populations, partly due to the differences of data analysis methods as well as of dietary patterns between those samples and ours.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.545-551
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• 2015

Schistosomiasis is one of the important neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Tanzania, particularly in Lake Victoria zone. This baseline survey was a part of the main study of integrated control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) aimed at describing morbidity patterns due to intestinal schistosomiasis among adults living on Kome Island, Sengerema District, Tanzania. Total 388 adults from Kome Islands (about 50 people from each village) aged between 12 and 85 years, were examined by abdominal ultrasound according to the Niamey protocol. Liver image patterns (LIPs) A and B were considered normal, and C-F as distinct periportal fibrosis (PPF). The overall prevalence of PPF was 42.2%; much higher in males than in females (47.0% in male vs 34.4% in females, P=0.007). Abnormal increase of segmental branch wall thickness (SBWT) and dilated portal vein diameter (PVD) were also more common in males than in females. Hepatosplenomegaly was frequently encountered; 68.1% had left liver lobe hepatomegaly and 55.2% had splenomegaly. Schistosoma mansoni-related morbidity is quite high among adults in this community justifying the implementation of integrated control strategies through mass drug administration, improved water supply (pumped wells), and health education that had already started in the study area.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2017

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and the relevant risk factors for lumbar spondylosis (LS) among middle-aged and elderly rural Korean residents and to explore the association between radiographic LS and lower back pain (LBP) in relation to age and gender. Methods : This community-based, cross-sectional study evaluated 1512 subjects with available radiograph. The prevalence of LBP was obtained using a questionnaire and disability resulting from LBP was measured using a validated Korean version of the Oswestry disability index (ODI). In lumbar spine radiographs, vertebral levels from L1/2 to L4/5 were evaluated for the presence of osteophytes and joint-space narrowing (JSN), and Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading was applied. Results : Of 4261 subjects aged 40-79 years, data from 1512 subjects were included. The prevalence of radiographic LS indicated by grade ${\geq}2$ osteophytes and JSN were 53.9 and 15.8%, respectively. Seventy-three percent of subjects had KL grade ${\geq}2$ spondylosis and LBP was present in 36.5% of subjects. Although LS was more common among males, the prevalence of LBP was higher among females. Age, male gender and history of hand or knee arthritis were risk factors for LS. LS was significantly associated with LBP mostly among females over 60 years old and correlated with the ODI after adjusting for age and gender. Conclusion : Our study among rural Korean residents revealed a high prevalence of LS and LBP. The association between LS and LBP was observed mostly among females and LS was significantly correlated with the severity of back pain.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.576-584
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• 2000

연구배경 : 흡연이 폐암발생의 중요한 원인이라는 사실은 분명하지만 흡연 양이나 흡연기간 뿐만 아니라 흡연과 관련된 여러 요소들의 역할도 중요하게 고려해야 한다. 본 연구는 남녀별 흡연력 및 흡연과 관련된 요소들에 대한 폐암의 발생위험도를 구하여 담배 속 발암물질에 대한 남녀별 감수성 차이를 알아보았다. 방법 : 본 연구는 환자-대조군 연구로 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원 내과를 방문하여 폐 기능 검사를 받았던 사람들을 대상으로 흡연력 및 흡연량, 흡연습관에 관한 설문조사를 하였다. 조직학적으로 원발성 폐암이 확인된 경우를 대상환자로 하였고, 다변량 회귀분석을 이용하여 교차비를 구하고, 이를 폐암발생의 상대적인 발생위험도로 인정하였다. 결과 : 흡연력이 있었던 여자는 흡연력이 없는 경우에 비하여 교차비는 1.9이었으며, 특히 Kreyberg I의 경우 교차비는 3.8로 증가하였다. 또한 여자 중 현재흡연자의 교차비는 4.0으로 남자의 2.3보다 훨씬 높았다. Kreyberg I 여자 환자로 20갑 년 이상 흡연하였을 때 교차비는 5.4(남자 : 1.6), 하루 1갑 이상 흡연 하였을 경우 교차비는 6.9(남자 : 5.0)로 남자보다 훨씬 높았다. 흡입정도에 따른 교차비는 중등도 이상 흡입한 경우 여자 6.7, 남자 2.4로 여자에서 현저하게 높았으며, 한 개피 당 동일한 길이의 담배를 피웠을 때도 폐암의 발생 위험도는 여자가 높았다(여자 3.7:남자 2.0). 또한 필터 유 무에 따른 폐암 발생위험도의 차이는 남녀 모두에게 있었으나 여자에서 더 뚜렷하였다. 결론 : 흡연에 따른 폐암발생의 감수성은 여자가 남자보다 더 높았으며, 이러한 성별간 감수성의 차이는 흡연 양이나 흡연습관, 또는 환경적인 요인 뿐만 아니라 발암물질의 활성이나 제거 등과 같은 대사의 차이에도 그 원인이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.866-876
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• 2019

This study examined the physiological and psychological effects of wearing gloves at rest in a cold environment. Seven elderly females participated in two separate trials: wearing gloves (WG) and bare hands (BH). The experiment was conducted for 60 min in a climatic chamber (air temperature 7.8±0.3℃ with 44±2%RH) with a sedentary posture. Microclimate temperature on the left palm was 4.16℃ higher in WG compared to that in BH (p<.1). Microclimate temperature on the chest during the last 5 min increased compared to the initial 5 min only in WG (p<.05). During the last 5 min, skin temperatures at the arm and hand in WG were higher than those in BH (p<.05). There was no statistical difference in the change of rectal temperature between WG and BH. Heart rate in BH was significantly higher compared to the WG (p<.05). Subjects also felt less cold on the whole body and hand in WG than those in BH (p<.05). The findings indicate that wearing gloves for elderly females affected the distribution of skin temperature and cardiovascular response in cold environments. Elderly females should be informed about the importance of wearing gloves through the clothing guideline in winter.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.785-792
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional status before and after gastrectomy of gastric cancer patients in Jeonbuk Province. The subjects were 136 patients with gastrectomy of gastric cancer. We assessed the nutritional status before and after an operation by general characteristics (age, clinicopathological stage, type of operation, method of reconstruction), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, arm muscle circumference AMC, arm circumference AC) and biochemical characteristics (hemoglobin Hb, hematocrit Hct, mein corpuscular volume MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH, total lymphocyte count TLC, serum albumin, serum transferrin). Mean ages were 60.0 yrs in males and 58.8 yrs in females. Age, clinicopathological stage, types of operation and reconstruction methods were not significantly different between males and females. Weight, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, BMI, percent body fat, AMC and AC significantly deteriorated by gastrectomy. There were severe weight losses in males and females after gastrectomy. Hemoglobin, Hct, MCV, MCH, TLC, albumin and transferrin significantly deteriorated by gastrectomy. After gastrectomy, subjects who were assessed as malnounrished in Hb and Hct were increased in male and those who were assessed as malnounrished in Hb were increased in females. These results suggest that a nutrition intervention, specially for energy, protein and iron, is necessary to improve the nutritional status of gastric cancer patients with gastrectomy.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.902-912
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• 2010

This study compares and contrasts the consumer decision-making styles (CDMS) of South Korean and American Generation Y females. A total of 117 American female and 206 Korean female consumers completed self-report survey questionnaires to assess their consumer decision making styles. Exploratory principal components factor analysis using varimax rotation was used to categorize the items into an underlying set of American and Korean decision-making characteristics. Two-tailed independent t-tests were conducted to examine the differences between the two groups when items appeared to have common factors. Factor analysis identified five common factors between the two samples (i.e., enjoyment, shopping aversion, price consciousness, brand consciousness, and quality consciousness). The t-test results report significant differences in the items reported in each factor between American and Korean females. Some of the factors are more indicative of American female Generation Y consumers than Korean female Generation Y consumers. For example, the American female sample seemed to enjoy shopping and prefer brand names more than the female Korean sample. Koreans females seem to have a higher aversion to shopping than Americans; in addition, Koreans females seem to be more accepting of discount and outlet stores, will wait until the price is low before buying a product, and prefer sales when shopping. Based on the findings, the instrument identified varying CDMS between the two samples used. Previous studies using the Sproles and Kendall (1986) instrument experienced the same issue (Bakewell & Mitchell, 2004, 2006; Bauer et al., 2006; Durvasula et al., 1996; Fan & Xiao, 1998; Hanzaee & Aghasibeig, 2008; Mitchell & Walsh, 2004; Siu et al., 2001; Walsh et al., 2001). The results support the idea that no single instrument can be used to examine CDMS in different cultures. This suggests that each country has a CDMS with internal characteristics. Limitations and research for future studies are also discusse.