• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.41-61
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• 2022

Objectives : This paper aims to examine the clinical meaning of treating with sweet medicinals where acupuncture fails, through studying the verse, "In case of both Yin and Yang deficiency, treat with sweet medicinals" in the Huangdineijing. Methods : Related contents in the chapters 「邪氣藏府病形」, 「根結」, 「終始」, 「經脈」, 「九鍼論」 of the Lingshu were analyzed threefold. The circumstances of the application of the "In case of both Yin and Yang deficiency, treat with sweet medicinals" principle to the late Han East Asian medicine as written in the Shanghanzabinglun were examined, and its meaning was explored. Results : The 'Yin Yang' in the verse could be substituted with the Five Zhang and Six Fu, Blood and Qi, Form and Qi, Form and Jing, Form and Zhi, etc. In patients with deficiency in Qi, Blood, Yin and Yang, we can observe external symptoms such as narrow pulse pattern, symptoms in the throat or below the throat, thirst, and coarse voice. To apply sweet medicinals is to supplement the Jing from food, Spleen and Stomach, Middle Qi and Earth Qi which produces and maintains Qi, Blood, Yin and Yang. Therefore, it is essential in treating disease patterns with deficiency in both Qi, Blood, Yin and Yang, and cannot be substituted with other means of treatment such as acupuncture, moxibustion, and other manipulative therapies. Conclusions : Sweet medicinals were applied in disease patterns with throat thirst and narrow pulse patterns which could not be managed with general acupuncture or moxibustion in the time of the Huangdineijing's publication, as it holds the Earth virtue which could harmoniously supplement the body's Qi, Blood, Yin, and Yang. Later its application broadened, treating various conditions accompanying Qi, Blood, Yin, Yang deficiency, which expanded potential of medicine and contributed to the generalization of drug treatment.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.483-497
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• 2014

Objectives: The aims of study were developing cut-off value of Yin-deficiency questionnaire (YDQ) for diagnosis of Yin-deficiency (YD) and compare diagnostic ability between YDQ and Yin-deficiency scale score (YDS) in xerostomia patients. Methods: We recruited 58 xerostomia patients. They were diagnosed YD or non-YD by 3 Korean medicine doctors (KMD). We assessed YD using YDQ and YDS. We evaluated xerostomia using VAS, Dry Mouth Symptom Questionnaire (DMSQ), Salivary Flow Rate (SFR), oral moisture on buccal mucosa and tongue surface (OMB and OMT). We surveyed tongue coatings using Winkel Tongue Coating Index (WTCI). Results: We diagnosed 23 patients YD and 35 patients non-YD. There were no significant differences of age, sex and body mass index between the YD and non-YD groups. Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the optimal cut-off value of YDQ was defined as 304. Sensitivity, specificity and Youden index of YDQ were 86.96%, 71.43% and 1.5839 respectively. Using Cohen's coefficient of agreement, we found that degree of agreement between KMD and YDQ diagnosis was moderate (${\kappa}$=0.524, p<0.001). Using Pearson's correlation analysis, we found concurrent validity of YDQ and YDS were significant correlated. Using area under curve value, we found diagnostic ability between YDQ and YDS were not significantly different (p=0.505), but there were more strong correlations between DMSQ-symptoms and YDQ (r=0.731, p<0.001) than correlations between DMSQ-symptoms and YDS (r=0.418, p<0.01). Conclusions: The cut-off value of YDQ can diagnose YD in xerostomia and diagnostic ability of YDQ in xerostomia is better than YDS.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2009

Cough is a common clinical problem to which various etiologies are attributable. In Korean medicine there are differentiations in etiology such as food-accumulation and Yin-deficiency. This study was aimed to analyze the relations between the time of cough and Korean syndrome differentiations and to compare the symptoms of Korean syndrome differentiations (food-accumulation and Yin-deficiency). Sixty-two cough patients were analyzed and classified into one of two syndrome differentiations by etiology. We compared the time of coughing and symptomatic characteristics of two: such as symptom differences and change of severity after treatment. Patients with food-accumulation were more prevalent than patients with Yin-deficiency. Among symptoms, anorexia, dyspepsia, nausea and nasal discharge were more prevalent in food-accumulation while pruritus of throat was prevalent in Yin-deficiency. Coughing at night was prevalent in Yin-deficiency and coughing at rising hour was prevalent in food-accumulation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.344-348
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• 2004

This study regarded irregular life styles such as nigh-shifts as contrary to the norm advised in the rules of Yang-saeng to analyze the problems brought about in relation to the concept of 'Yin-deficiency syndrome'. Yin-deficiency survey was given to sales workers on a big shopping mall in Seoul to compare the measurements of daytime workers to those of nigh-shift workers. The measurement of complaining symptoms related to Yin-deficiency of daytime workers and night-shift workers were compared, In comparison of the daytime workers and the night-shift workers, night-shift workers showed higher measurements than the daytime workers in the item of irritable fever on the five Hearts, flushing of the zygomatic region in the afternoon, tidal fever, dizziness, insomnia, yellow and scanty urination, and constipation. Especially tidal fever, insomnia, and constipation showed statistically significant difference. The total of ten items consisting of Yin-deficiency-related symptoms showed statistically significant high score in night-shift workers than the daytime workers. 'Factors for deficiency-type Heat' consisting of irritable fever on the five Hearts, flushing of the zygomatic region in the afternoon, tidal fever, and dried mouth and throat showed statistically significant high score in night-shift workers than the daytime workers. 'Accompanying factors' consisting of night sweats, emaciation, dizziness, insomnia, yellowish and scanty urination, and constipation also showed statistically and significantly high score in night-shift workers than the daytime workers. From the above results that night-shift workers show high degree of Yin-deficiency than daytime workers, and those overworking irregularly also show high degree of Yin-deficiency than those who work for adequate amount of time regularly implies that sitting up at night for work and sleeping at daytime, excessive work, and irregular life styles all function as high-risk factor for Yin-deficiency.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2017

This study covers pattern differentiation based on Korean medical references, research trend and modern clinical applications about Sleep-Wake disorders of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-V) published by American Psychiatric Association. Insomnia disorder is mostly caused by yin deficiency of liver-kidney or liver qi depression and main patterns are heart-kidney non-interaction, deficiency-excess complex pattern containing phlegm-heat due to qi stagnation and blood stasis. Hypersomnolence disorder is more due to yang deficiency rather than yin deficiency and it's major pattern is spleen-kidney yang deficiency. Cataplexy is main feature in narcolepsy and corresponds to depressive psychosis or fainting in terms of Korean Medicine and narcolepsy is assumed to be relevant to liver wind. Breathing-related sleep disorders are related with phlegm-fluid retention brought on spleen deficiency with dampness encumbrance. Pattern of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders is combined with yin deficiency of liver-kidney or liver qi depression of insomnia disorder and spleen-kidney yang deficiency or dampness-phlegm of hypersomnolence disorder. Yin deficiency with effulgent fire brought on drugs or alcohol is one of main patterns of substance/medication-induced sleep disorder and combined patterns with yin deficiency of liver-kidney and blood stasis or dampness-phlegm-heat are mostly applied clinically. This study drew major and frequently applied patterns of sleep-wake disorders based on Koran medical literature and modern clinical applications. And that can be the groundwork for the task ahead like clinical practice guideline of sleep-wake disorders containing pattern differentiation, diagnosis and prescriptions.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.795-802
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• 2007

The fire not to back to its origin(火不歸原) is said that source yang(元陽) of sea of qi(氣海) rises because fire(火) of lower energizer(下焦) can't return to its origin. Successive medical men regarded the cause of it as yang deficiency(陽虛) or yin deficiency(陰虛) generally, but Jangseoksun(張錫純) presented eight kinds of cause, they are syndrome of upcast yang(戴陽證), deficiency of qi(氣虛), yin deficiency, yin and yang deficiency(陰陽虛), thoroughfare qi ascending counterflow(衝氣上衝), heart fire(心火), yang deficiency with cold fluid retention(寒飮) in middle energizer(中焦寒飮), yang deficiency with sunken cold locked in(沈寒錮冷). The method of conducting fire back to its origin may be the treatment of fire not to back to its origin as an interpretation of the phrase in a broad sense, but it is limited to yang deficiency with sunken cold locked in besides syndrome of upcast yang as the treatment based on pathological conditions. By this standpoint Eunsuryong(殷壽龍) used conducting fire back to its origin to remove hidden cold(伏寒) and make rising false fire(假火) settle. The meaning of conducting fire back to its origin is not just raise yang qi(陽氣) but break sunken cold locked in by using the drugs like Buja(附子), Yukgye(肉桂). Jakyak(芍藥) can concentrate yang qi on the life gate(命門) by converging it, Sukjihwang(熟地黃) can supply yin essence(陰精) and check the intense nature of tonifing yang(補陽) drugs. So if we want to use the method of conducting fire back to its origin, we should confirm the symptoms of sunken cold locked in and yang deficiency not to misdiagnose yin deficiency.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.727-736
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• 2010

This study is about researching mechanistic pattern identification of disease for DongEuiBoGam NaeGyungPyen by analysing with pattern identification of modern Traditional Korean medical patholgy as more logical, systematic and standardized theory. Disease pattern mechanisms of uterine, urine and excrements parts of DongEuiBoGam NaeGyun gPyen in NaeGyungPyen of DongEuiBoGam are these. Menstrual irregularities in DongEuiBoGam can be classified flui d-humor depletion, blood deficiency, qi deficiency, qi stagnation, qi stagnation complicated by heat, blood stasis, blood deficiency complicated by heat, syndrome of heat entering blood chamber, syndrome of cold entering blood chamber. The disease pattern of abdominal pain after menstruation in DongEuiBoGam is blood deficiency complicated by heat, and a dysmenorrhea represents blood stasis with heat, fluid-humor deficiency. Advanced menstruation represent dual heat of the qi and blood, delayed menstruation is blood deficiency. The disease pattern of inhibited urination in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency heat pattern of kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney qi deficiency, yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, fluid-humor depletion, spleen-stomach dual deficiency, and excess he at pattern of bladder excess heat. The disease pattern of urinary incontinence in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of kidney-bladder qi deficiency, consumptive disease, lung qi deficiency, kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney yang deficiency and excess pattern of lower energizer blood amassment, bladder excess heat. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. The disease pattern of diarrhea in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of qi deficiency, qi fall, spleen yang deficiency, kidney yang deficiency and so on and excess pattern of wind-cold-summerheat-dampness-fire, phlegm-fluid retention, dietary irregularities, qi movement stagnation. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. Like these, this study identify pattern of disease in DongEuiBoGam by mechanism of disease theory.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1368-1373
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• 2008

This study was done to calculate the specific indicators of Fire-Heat Pattern Identification and Yin Deficiency Pattern Identification settled by tentative Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Signs for Stroke. The subjects were 764 hospitalized patients with stroke, and a list of registry was made for each of them. Frequency and Correlations among Fire-Heat and Yin Deficiency indicators were studied. Fire-Heat pattern group included 175 patients out of 764, Yin Deficiency pattern group included 103 patients out of 764. Among the indicators of Fire-Heat pattern, those, in order of highest frequency, were 'heat vexation and aversion to heat', 'reddened complexion', 'thirst'. Among the indicators of Yin Deficiency pattern, those, in order of highest frequency, were 'dry mouth', 'red tongue', 'fine and rapid pulse'. Among the Fire-Heat pattern indicators, 'yellow fur' and 'thirst', 'heat vexation in the chest' and 'vexation and insomnia' showed most significant correlation. Among the Yin Deficiency pattern indicators, 'aphtha or tongue sore' and 'heat in the palms and soles', 'red tongue' and 'dry fur' showed most significant correlation. 'Reddened complexion', 'dry eyes', 'surging and parid pulse', 'heat vexation and aversion to heat' are classify between Fire-Heat pattern and Yin Deficiency pattern. 'Surging and parid pulse', 'Reddened complexion' are mostly representative of Fire-Heat pattern and 'fine and rapid pulse' are mostly representative of Yin Deficiency pattern.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2007

The objective of tills study is to identify the difference of somatic characteristics between Hwa-Byung and Major Depression by comparing the pattern identification of Hwa-Byung group and Hwa-Byung with Major Depression group(double diagnosis) Method: According to Hwa-Byung Diagnostic Interview Schedule(HBDIS) and SCID, 17 patients as diagnosed Hwa-Byung and 20 patients as diagnosed Hwa-Byung with Major Depression group(double diagnosis) were recruited. and by depression scale like Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HRDS) & Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale(MADRS), we excluded patients complaining moderate & severe depression among Hwa-Byung group and excluded patients showing mild depression among Hwa-Byung with Major Depression group. After this evaluation, we analysed and compared the pattern identification of both groups by OMS-prime. Result: 1. There were no significant differences of demographic data between both groups. 2. In the result of 'analysis on pattern identification' for all participant used by OMS-prime, most frequent pattern was deficiency of Yin and Yang of the heart(49%). 3. In the result of 'analysis on most correlated pattern identification' used by OMS-prime, for Hwa-Byung group was deficiency of Yin and Yang of the heart(45%) and the next were disharmony of the liver and spleen (20%), generation of phlegm due to stagnation of Gallbladder(15%) deficiency of Qi and Yin of the heart(l0%), And for Hwa-Byung with Major Depression group(double diagnosis) was deficiency of Yin and Yang of the heart(53%), the next were generation of phlegm due to stagnation of Gallbladder(18%), and deficiency of Qi and blood of the heart(l2%), 4. In the result of 'analysis on significant pattern identification' used by OMS-prime, for Hwa-Byung group was deficiency of Yin and Yang of the heart(20%) and the next were disharmony of the liver and spleen(15%), generation of phiegm due to stagnation of Gallbladder(15%), deficiency of Qi and Yin of the heart(14%), And for Hwa-Byung plus Major Depression group(double diagnosis) was deficiency of Yin and Yang of the heart(18%), the next were deficiency of Qi and Yin of the heart(18%), deficiency of Qi and blood of the heart(l0%), generation of phiegm due to stagnation of Gallbladder(18%), Conclusion: Hwabyung is syndrome that have many different symptoms, but there is no difference between Hwa-Byung group and Hwa-Byung with Major Depression group(double diagnosis) on the side of symptoms. Therefore, Hwabyung could be a new model for research on depression in Korean.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.51-56
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• 2000

To assess the relationship between the severity of stenosis in MCA territory and the differentiation of syndromes in oriental medical aspects, the general characteristics, the scores of stroke-pattern identification, and the findings of MRA were compared in 18 acute cerebral infarction patientshospitalized in Dept. of Internal Medicine, Pundang CHA Oriental Medicine Hospital from 1998 sep. 1 to 1999 sep. 31. We compared the scores of stroke-pattern identification with the severity of stenosis by Kruskall-Wallis test, and analyzed the relationship by Pearson correlation test. The P value under 0.05 was regarded as significant. The results are as follows: The incidence of stenosis(mild to complete occlusion) was 83.3%. There were significant difference of the mean scores according to the severity of stenosis in Yin deficiency pattern. We could also observe a strong relationship between the severity of stenosis and Yin deficiency pattern, whose Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.655 (P<0.05). These results showed that Yin deficiency pattern could be a major cause of cerebral infarction.